C.1.
Material system #1: AlGaAs/ AlGaAs
C.1.1.
Calculation of material compositions and energy band edges.
C.1.2.
Energy level calculations
C.1.3.
Computation of Gain and Laser Characteristics
C.2
Material system #2: InGaAs/InGaAlAs/InP
C.2.1. Calculation of material
compositions and energy band edges.
C.2.2.
Energy level calculations
C.2.3
Computation of Gain and Laser Characteristics
C.3.
Material system #3: InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP_
C.3.1.
Calculation of material compositions and energy band edges.
C.3.2.
Energy level calculations
C.3.3.
Computation of Gain and Laser Characteristics
C.4.
Material system #4: InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP
C.4.1.
Calculation of material compositions and energy band edges.
C.4.2.
Energy level calculations
C.4.3.
Simulations of Gain and Laser properties
C.5.
Material system #5: GaInP/AlzGawIn1-z-wP/Al0.5In0.5P
C.5.1.
Calculation of material compositions and energy band edges.
C.5.2.
Energy level calculations
C.5.3.
Computation of Gain and Laser Characteristics
C.6.
Material system #6: InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs
C.6.1.
Calculation of material compositions and energy band edges.
C.6.2.
Energy level calculations
C.6.3.
Computation of Gain and Laser Characteristics
C.8.
Material system #8: AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs
C.8.1.
Calculation of material compositions and energy band edges.
C.8.2.
Energy level calculations
C.8.3.
Computation of Gain and Laser Characteristics
C.9.
Material system # 9: InGaAs/AlGaInAs/AlGaInAs
(substrate InP)
C.9.1.
Calculation of material compositions and energy band edges.
C.9.2.
Energy level calculations
C.9.3.
Computation of Gain and Laser Characteristics
C.12.
Material system #12: In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs (dilute N)
C.12.1.
Calculation of material compositions and energy band edges.
C.12.2.
Energy level calculations
C.12.3.
Computation of Gain and Laser Characteristics
C.13.
Material system #13: In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs
C.13.1.
Calculation of material compositions and energy band edges.
In this
appendix, the use of the GAIN program is demonstrated for ten material
systems. Each section below contains an
example of how GAIN is used with one of these material systems.
This is a
simulation of a five-layer laser structure that contains a single quantum well
(QW), two separated confinement heterostructure (SCH) layers, and two cladding
layers as shown in Fig. C.1.1.
Figure
C.1.1. Energy band diagram for the simple quantum well
structure
The first step of the GAIN program is to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges of the each layer.
The user is asked to enter the photoluminescence wavelength, thickness, and
strain of the QW, SCH, and cladding layers. After these parameters are input,
the GAIN program generates two output files: cbandeg.dat and vbandeg.dat,
containing the material compositions, and the conduction band edges and valence
band edges respectively. The detailed explanation is provided in Chapter 2 of
this manual.
a) The input parameters to the GAIN program in this step islisted in Table.
C.4.1.
Table
C.4.1. Input parameters to the GAIN program in this step.
Layer |
l (um) |
Strain |
Thickness (Ǻ) |
QW (AlxGa1-xAs) |
0.87 |
------ |
50 |
SCH (AlxGa1-xAs) |
0.74 |
------ |
60 |
Cladding (AlxGa1-xAs) |
0.58 |
|
100 |
b) The steps in using the GAIN program to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges are listed in Table
C.1.2
Table C.1.2. steps to run
the GAIN program for necessary parameters.
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 1 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched
InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 1 INPUT THE LAYER # FOR GRIN STRUCTURE(STEP) STEP N= 2 INPUT THE WELL WAVELENGTH (um) 0.87 INPUT THE BARRIER WAVELENGTH (um) 0.74 INPUT THE CLADDING WAVELENGTH (um) 0.58 BANDGAP ENERGY OF QUANTUM WELL= 1.42528735632184 eV INPUT CLADDING, BARRIER,QUANTUM WELL WIDTH
(A) 100 60 50 WRITE CONDUCTION BAND PARAMETERS INTO
CBANDEG.DAT WRITE INPUT 1 FOR NEW CALCULATION 2 FOR EXIT INPUT =? 2 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched
InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 14 THIS PROGRAM STOP HERE!, BACK TO MAIN PAGE |
c) The output files, cbandeg.dat and
vbandeg.dat are explained in Table C.1.3.
Table C.1.3. Material
compositions and band offsets:
a) cbandeg.dat for conduction band
************************************************************************ QW
strain lattice constant 0.000000E+00
0.565311E-09 material
compositions layer
thickness, Al
conduction band edges
0.10000000E+03 0.56115438E+00 0.0000000 0.4632184 cladding layer
0.60000000E+02
0.20182492E+00
0.0000000 0.1627524 SCH layer
0.50000000E+02
0.10323627E-02
0.0000000 0.0000000 quantum well
0.60000000E+02
0.20182492E+00 0.0000000 0.1627524 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03
0.56115438E+00
0.0000000 0.4632184 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
b) vbandeg.dat for valence
band
****************************************************
******************** QW
strain lattice constant 0.000000E+00
0.565311E-09 material
compositions layer
thickness, Al valence
band edges
0.10000000E+03
0.56115438E+00
0.0000000 -0.2494253 cladding layer
0.60000000E+02
0.20182492E+00
0.0000000 -0.0876359 SCH layer
0.50000000E+02
0.10323627E-02
0.0000000 0.0000000 quantum well 0.60000000E+02 0.20182492E+00 0.0000000 -0.0876359 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03
0.56115438E+00
0.0000000 -0.2494253 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
After the calculation of the material
compositions and energy band edges, the GAIN program calculates energy levels
in the conduction band and valence bands. The detailed explanations are
discussed in Chapter 3 of this manual.
a) The steps of how to calculate the energy
levels are shown in Table C.1.4.
Table C.4.4. Steps to
calculate the energy levels
i) Steps to calculate the
conduction band energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF
CONDUCTION BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 2 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE LOWEST POTENTIAL LAYER(1st
Q-WELL) IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER LAYER OF
STRUCTURE ICR= 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1 FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR InGaAs/In(1-y)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 1 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.639537366786E-01
ERROR= .4682221E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.192116584232E+00
ERROR= .4043667E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.241763368724E+00
ERROR= .2926458E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.310657613785E+00
ERROR= .2317973E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.426765405664E+00
ERROR= .1485678E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.639537366786E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.82988859E-04 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.95857126E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.80811977E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.95857126E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.82988859E-04 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.192116584232E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.66304726E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.39546197E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.19581511E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.39546197E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.66304726E-02 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
ii) Steps to calculate the
heavy hole energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY
HOLE BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 3 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1 FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 1 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.238975151109E+00 ERROR= .3120685E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.197312089899E+00 ERROR= .4405413E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.166878855802E+00 ERROR= .2808856E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.139814196248E+00 ERROR= .4012646E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.111477421547E+00 ERROR= .3853459E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.102378800292E+00 ERROR= .1062527E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.681164844294E-01 ERROR= .2446502E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.188139816633E-01 ERROR= .1912450E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.188139816633E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.38718131E-06 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.35292976E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.92941327E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.35292976E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.38718131E-06 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.681164844294E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.68925350E-04 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.18086577E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.63813061E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.18086577E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.68925350E-04 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
iii) Steps to calculate the
light hole energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT
HOLE BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 4 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1 FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 1 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.205954300457E+00 ERROR= .3173697E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.149979763519E+00 ERROR= .2832057E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.114996860133E+00 ERROR= .2360129E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.415229761969E-01 ERROR= .2788797E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.415229761969E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.38818584E-03 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.12463156E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.74996051E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.12463156E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.38818584E-03 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.114996860133E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.13841264E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.41302518E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.14626712E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.41302518E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.13841264E-01 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
b) The main output file from this part of
GAIN program is energy.dat, containing all the energy levels as shown in Table
C.1.5. After the energy eigen values are calculated, the GAIN program asks the
user whether he would like to check the wave envelope function or not. We
suggest that the user check the wave envelope functions of the first and second
energy levels for conduction and valence bands. The plots of the envelope
functions are shown in Fig. C.1.2, Fig. C.1.3, Fig C.1.4.
Table C.1.5. output file
energy.dat
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.639537366786E-01
ERROR= .4682221E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.192116584232E+00
ERROR= .4043667E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.241763368724E+00
ERROR= .2926458E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.310657613785E+00
ERROR= .2317973E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.426765405664E+00
ERROR= .1485678E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.238975151109E+00 ERROR= .3120685E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.197312089899E+00 ERROR= .4405413E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.166878855802E+00 ERROR= .2808856E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.139814196248E+00 ERROR= .4012646E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.111477421547E+00 ERROR= .3853459E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.102378800292E+00 ERROR= .1062527E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.681164844294E-01 ERROR= .2446502E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.188139816633E-01 ERROR= .1912450E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.205954300457E+00 ERROR= .3173697E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.149979763519E+00 ERROR= .2832057E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.114996860133E+00 ERROR= .2360129E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.415229761969E-01 ERROR= .2788797E-14
|
|
|
Fig. C.1.2. Wave envelop
functions for energy levels in conduction band |
Fig. C.1.3. Wave envelop
functions for heavy hole energy levels |
Fig. C.1.4. Wave envelop
functions for light hole energy levels
This is the last step of simulations using
the GAIN program. With the previous calculated material composition, energy
band edges, energy levels, and other parameters like material loss and Auger
coefficient, the GAIN program can simulate the threshold current, threshold
current density, slope efficiency, optical gain and mode gain as functions of
wavelengths and photo energies, and L-I curve. The details are explained in
Chapter 4 of the manual.
In this part of GAIN program, the input file
needs to be constructed with the results of the previous steps and according to
the laser design. In this example, single quantum well structure is used to
simulate a three-QW laser. For the two-quantum-well laser with a ridge length
of 750 µm and ridge width of 3 µm, the input file is shown in Table C.1.6. The
detailed steps of simulations are listed in Table C.1.7. The main output files:
L-I curve, optical gain as a function of the wavelength, and mode gain vs.
current density are plotted in Fig. C.1.5, Fig. C.1.6, and Fig. C.1.7.
a) The input file:
Table C.1.6. Input file for
gain and threshold current calculation
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 1.
Input the compositions, width of well, effective index c c and
lasing wavelength. c c Ex:
xx,xz,qy,xy,lx,n,lam c c for
different materials the following are the forms of inputs. c c
c c w --
> well, b -- > barrier cxz and
cxy for cladding. c c c c
a. AlxGa1-xAs : xx (Al w) xz
(Al b) qy (0) xy (0) c c
b. In1-xGaxAsyP1-y : xx (Ga w)
xz (Ga b) qy (As w) xy (As b) c c
c. In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (0) xy (As b) c c
d. AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (Al w) xy (Al b)c c
e.
c c
f. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (0) xy (Al b) c c
g. c c
h. AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlGaAs : xx
(Al w) xz (al b) qy (In w) xz (0)c c
i. In1-xGaxAs/AlGaInAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (Al b) xy (Ga b) c c
j. In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)
:xx(As w),xz(As, b),qy(In w),xy(In b)c c
k. InGaAs/InGaAsP/GaAs: xx (In
w), (0), xz(Ga w) xy (As b) c 2.
Input the energy gap,temperature, barrier band edges(both bands) c Ex:
eg,temp,ec,ev
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.10323627E-02 0.20182492E+00 0
0 6.0 3.50
0.82 1.42528735632184 298 0.1627524 0.0876359 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 3.
Input the ist level sub-band energy levels. c c Ex:
ec1,eh1,el1
c c
c c 4.
Input the material loss, reflectivities, number of quantum c c wells
and beta(for spontaneous emission). c c Ex:
alpha,r1,r2,mm,beta. c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.639537366786E-01
0.188139816633E-01 0.415229761969E-01 1
0.681164844294E-01 1 12.0d0
0.30 0.30 1
5.D-5 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 5.
Input the cavity length, ridge width, internal efficiency c c
Auger, strain(except AlGaAs,put 0) and confinement factor. c c Ex:
cl,cw,etha,ca,es,confine c c
c c 6.
Input the cladding composition and band edges. c c Ex:
cxz,cxy,ecc,evv
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 750.D-4
3D-4 0.96 1.00d-29
0.01 0.009834488 0.56115438E+00 0.0
0.4632184 0.2494253 |
b) The steps for these calculations
mentioned are listed in Table C.1.7
Table
C.1.7. The steps for the gain and threshold current density calculations
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 5 THE INPUT FILE NAME= in1_sys1_new.tex SELECT MATERIAL=? 1--AlGaAs 2--InGaAsP 3--In1-zGazAs/InGaAsP/InP 4-- InGaAlAs 5--GaInP/AlzGawIn1-z-wP/Al0.5In0.5P 6-- InxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs 7--In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/GaxIn1-xP(X=0.51)
MATCHED TO GaAs 8--AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP 10-- InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsSb 11--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsSb 12--In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs 13--InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT SELECTION 1 INPUT MODE = ? FOR TE--> MODE =1, FOR
TM--> MODE =2 INPUT TE OR TM ? 1 IF EL1 BELOW EH1 THEN SELECT 1, OTHERWISE
SELECT 2 SELECTION=? 1
************************************************** CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE MASS
************************************************** FOR QUASI-FERMI LEVEL SELECT=1, FOR READ EXISTING QUASI-FERMI LEVEL
SELECT=2 SELECT=? 1 J(LEAKAGE)=0.537974D+00 A/cm^2 N=0.239674D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.554846D+00 A/cm^2 N=0.241654D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.572232D+00 A/cm^2 N=0.243634D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.590147D+00 A/cm^2 N=0.245614D+19 1/cm^3 ………. J(LEAKAGE)=0.215349D+04
A/cm^2 N=0.788120D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.221784D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.790100D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.228410D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.792080D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.235231D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.794060D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.242253D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.796040D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.249481D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.798020D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.256922D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.800000D+19 1/cm^3 ************************************************** G(J) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL Go=0.218113D+02 1/cm Jo=0.303353D+03 A/cm^2 G(N) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL NGo=0.221783D+04 1/cm XNo=0.136717D+19 1/cm^3 Jtr=0.111597D+03 A/cm^2 NTR=0.502953D+18 1/cm^3 THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL FOLLOWS
THE ARTICLE BY McIlory et al. IEEE JQE-21 1985. THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL Nopt
= 2 INPUT Nopt(CAN BE DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE
CALCULATION)=? 2 NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL(MAY OR MAY NOT BE
Nopt)=? 2
**************************************************
************************************************** 1ST CHECK USE SINGLE WELL TIMES # OF WELLS
**************************************************
************************************************** 2ND CHECK FOLLOWS FORMULA BY McIlory IN
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONIC QE-21 1985. ************************************************** Gth=
28.0530 1/cm Nth=0.176316D+19 1/cm^3 IY= 85 1ST CHECK Jth= 806.35405951 A/cm^2 2ND CHECK Jth= 631.98567 A/cm^2 1ST CHECK Ith=0.181430D+02 mA NUMBER OF
WELLS= 2 2ND CHECK Ith=0.142197D+02 mA ************************************************** CALCULATE
THE P-I RELATION NDATA= 316 ************************************************** CALCULATE THE SLOPE: mW/mA Y=A+BX CONSTANT A=
-7.3929014 SLOPE B= 0.4074803 ************************************************** INPUT POWER INPUT 0 INPUT 1 FOR THE DYNAMIC CALCULATION. 2 FOR
SKIP INPUT = 2 K-FACTOR= 0.35774 nS MAXIUM FREQ.= 24.8387 GHz
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.139680787212E+00
-0.953800948086E-02 0.200075187970E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) COGLa.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) CMGLa.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) COGEa.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) CMGEa.txt ************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.160216100041E+00
-0.259237429430E-02 0.251553884712E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) COGLb.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) CMGLb.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) COGEb.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) CMGEb.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 3 ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 7 |
c) The Output
characteristics of designed laser from step 5 are summarized in Table C.1.7.
Table C.1.7 Characteristics
of the designed laser
Optimized number of QWs (Nopt) |
2 |
Number of QWs |
2 |
Slope efficiency (%) |
40.75 |
Jth (A/cm^2) |
806.35
- 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 631.99
– 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Ith (mA) |
18.14 - 1st check, for matching
threshold conditions 14.22 - 2nd check, using McIlory
method |
Peak l at operating temperature (um) |
0.819 um for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 0.819 um for carrier density of 2.5E18 /cm3 |
Peak material gain (1/cm) |
3619.36/cm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 4386.09 /cm for carrier density of 2.5E18 /cm3 |
|
|
Fig.
C.1.5. L-I curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.1.6. Optical gain-l curve of the laser |
Fig. C.1.7. Mode gain as a function of
current density (J)
This is a
simulation of a seventeen-layer
laser structure that contains four
quantum wells (QW), two
separated confinement heterostructure (SCH) layers, and two cladding layers as
shown in Fig. C.2.1. This device is a
real one for research purpose. We will see the characteristics of this device.
Figure C.2.2. Energy band diagram for the simple quantum well structure
The first step of the GAIN program is to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges of the each layer.
The user is asked to enter the photoluminescence wavelength, thickness, and
strain of the QW, SCH, and cladding layers. After these parameters are input,
the GAIN program generates two output files: cbandeg.dat and vbandeg.dat,
containing the material compositions, and the conduction band edges and valence
band edges respectively. The detailed explanation is provided in Chapter 2 of
this manual.
a) The input parameters to the GAIN program in this step are listed in Table. C.2.1.
Table
C.2.1. Input parameters to the GAIN program in this step.
Layer |
l (um) |
Strain |
Thickness (Ǻ) |
QW (Ga1-xInxAsyP1-y) |
1.525 |
-0.012 |
60 |
SCH (Ga1-xInxAsyP1-y) |
1.28 |
|
50 |
Cladding (Ga1-xInxAsyP1-y) |
0.98 |
|
100 |
b) The steps in using the GAIN program to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges are listed in Table
C.2.2
Table C.2.2. steps to run
the GAIN program for necessary parameters.
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 1 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched
InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 2 INPUT THE LAYER # FOR GRIN STRUCTURE(STEP) STEP N= 2 INPUT THE WELL WAVELENGTH (um) 1.525 INPUT THE BARRIER WAVELENGTH (um) 1.28 INPUT THE CLADDING WAVELENGTH (um) 98 BANDGAP ENERGY OF QUANTUM WELL= 0.683804000019804 INPUT CLADDING, BARRIER,QUANTUM WELL WIDTH
(A) 100 50 60 In1-xGaxAsyP1-y, in output read Ga first
then AsIN OUTPUT READ Ga FIRST THEN As FOR InGaAsP, only compress strain
(~1.5%) available INPUT EX -0.012 FOR LATTICE MATCHED BARRIER SELECT --> 1 FOR STRAIN COMPENSATED SELECT -- 2 INPUT SELECTION===> ? 1 WRITE
CONDUCTION BAND PARAMETERS INTO CBANDEG.DAT WRITE INPUT 1 FOR NEW CALCULATION, 2 FOR EXIT I= ? 2 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched
InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 14 THIS PROGRAM STOP HERE!, BACK TO MAIN PAGE |
c) The output files, cbandeg.dat and
vbandeg.dat are explained in Table C.2.3.
Table C.2.3. Material compositions and band offsets:
a) cbandeg.dat for conduction band
************************************************************************ QW strain
lattice constant -.120000E-01
0.593923E-09 material
compositions layer thickness, Ga Al conduction band edges 0.10000000E+03
0.50731155E-01 0.1116804 0.1763546 cladding layer 0.50000000E+02
0.25335652E+00
0.5501187 0.0606978 SCH layer 0.60000000E+02 0.10405969E+00 0.5965452 0.0481108 quantum well 0.50000000E+02
0.25335652E+00
0.5501187 0.0606978 SCH layer 0.10000000E+03 0.50731155E-01 0.1116804 0.1763546 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
|
b) vbandeg.dat for valence
band
****************************************************
******************** QW
strain lattice constant -.120000E-01 0.593923E-09 material
compositions layer
thickness, Ga Al valence band edges 0.10000000E+03 0.50731155E-01 0.1116804 -0.2758368
cladding layer 0.50000000E+02 0.25335652E+00 0.5501187 -0.0949375 SCH layer 0.60000000E+02 0.10405969E+00 0.5965452 -0.0240554 quantum well 0.50000000E+02 0.25335652E+00 0.5501187 -0.0949375 SCH layer 0.10000000E+03
0.50731155E-01
0.1116804 -0.2758368 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
After the calculation of the material
compositions and energy band edges, the GAIN program calculates energy levels
in the conduction band and valence bands. The detailed explanations are
discussed in Chapter 3 of this manual.
a) The steps of how to calculate the energy
levels are shown in Table C.2.4.
Table C.2.4. Steps to calculate the
energy levels
i) Steps to calculate the
conduction band energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 2 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE LOWEST POTENTIAL LAYER(1st
Q-WELL) IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER LAYER OF
STRUCTURE ICR= 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2 FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR InGaAs/In(1-y)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 2 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.670294366291E-01 ERROR= .3576162E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.101465108959E+00 ERROR= .3081508E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.155412249439E+00 ERROR= .2750090E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.670294366291E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb1.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.11124994E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.18768431E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.60238139E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.18768431E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.11124994E-01 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.101465108959 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb2.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.46526184E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.36258718E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.18177326E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.36258718E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.46526184E-01 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
ii) Steps to calculate the
heavy hole energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 3 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 2 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.266289655713E+00 ERROR= .2082626E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.220090610686E+00 ERROR= .2912430E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.186287733747E+00 ERROR= .4671376E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.140850401092E+00 ERROR= .8911599E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.122228608502E+00 ERROR= .4338441E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.101432618035E+00 ERROR= .1307382E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.428488013474E-01 ERROR= .2038714E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.509274076994E-02 ERROR= .2348418E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.509274076994E-02 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh1.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.43858757E-06 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.19049653E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.96189982E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.19049653E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.43858757E-06 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.428488013474E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh2.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.18387626E-04 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.90457734E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.81904776E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.90457734E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.18387626E-04 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
iii) Steps to calculate the
light hole energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 4 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2 FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 2 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.235564886491E+00 ERROR= .4251760E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.159589791816E+00 ERROR= .2633269E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.968705335737E-01 ERROR= .1268730E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.968705335737E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh1.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.83034669E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.20626333E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.57086641E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.20626333E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.83034669E-02 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.159589791816E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh2.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.44635531E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.39731088E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.11610718E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.39731088E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.44635531E-01 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
b) The main output file from this part of
GAIN program is energy.dat, containing all the energy levels as shown in Table
C.2.5. After the energy eigen values are
calculated, the GAIN program asks the user whether he would like to check the
wave envelope function or not. We suggest that the user check the wave envelope
functions of the first and second energy levels for conduction and valence
bands. The plots of the envelope functions are shown in Fig. C.2.2, Fig. C.2.3, Fig C.2.4.
Table C.2.5 Output file energy.dat
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.670294366291E-01
ERROR= .3576162E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.101465108959E+00
ERROR= .3081508E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.155412249439E+00
ERROR= .2750090E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.266289655713E+00 ERROR= .2082626E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.220090610686E+00 ERROR= .2912430E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.186287733747E+00 ERROR= .4671376E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.140850401092E+00 ERROR= .8911599E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.122228608502E+00 ERROR= .4338441E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.101432618035E+00 ERROR= .1307382E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.428488013474E-01 ERROR= .2038714E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> 0.509274076994E-02
ERROR= .2348418E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.235564886491E+00 ERROR= .4251760E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.159589791816E+00 ERROR= .2633269E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.968705335737E-01 ERROR= .1268730E-14 |
|
|
Fig. C.2.2. Wave envelop functions
for energy levels in conduction band |
Fig. C.2.3. Wave envelope functions for heavy hole
energy levels. There is some rounding error with plot |
Fig. C.2.4. Wave envelope functions for light hole
energy levels
This is the last step of simulations using
the GAIN program. With the previous calculated material composition, energy
band edges, energy levels, and other parameters like material loss and Auger
coefficient, the GAIN program can simulate the threshold current, threshold
current density, slope efficiency, optical gain and mode gain as functions of
wavelengths and photon energies, and L-I curve. The details are explained in
Chapter 4 of the manual.
In this part of GAIN program, the input file
needs to be constructed with the results of the previous steps and according to
the laser design. In this example, single quantum well structure is used to
simulate a three-QW laser. For the three-quantum-well laser with a ridge length
of 750 µm and ridge width of 3 µm, the input file is shown in Table C.2.6. The
detailed steps of simulations are listed in Table C.2.7. The main output files:
L-I curve, optical gain as a function of
the wavelength, and mode gain vs. current density are plotted in Fig. C.2.5,
Fig. C.2.6, and Fig. C.2.7.
a) The input file:
Table C.2.6. Input file for
gain and threshold current calculation
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 1.
Input the compositions, width of well, effective index c c and
lasing wavelength. c c Ex:
xx,xz,qy,xy,lx,n,lam c c for
different materials the following are the forms of inputs. c c
c c w --
> well, b -- > barrier cxz and
cxy for cladding. c c
c c
a. AlxGa1-xAs : xx (Al w) xz
(Al b) qy (0) xy (0) c c
b. In1-xGaxAsyP1-y : xx (Ga w)
xz (Ga b) qy (As w) xy (As b) c c
c. In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (0) xy (As b) c c
d. AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (Al w) xy (Al b)c c
e.
c c
f. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (0) xy (Al b) c c
g.
c c
h. AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlGaAs : xx
(Al w) xz (al b) qy (In w) xz (0)c c
i. In1-xGaxAs/AlGaInAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (Al b) xy (Ga b) c c
j. In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)
:xx(As w),xz(As, b),qy(In w),xy(In b)c c
k. InGaAs/InGaAsP/GaAs: xx (In
w), (0), xz(Ga w) xy (As b) c 2.
Input the energy gap,temperature, barrier band edges(both bands) c Ex:
eg,temp,ec,ev
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.10405969 0.25335652 0.5965452 0.5501187 6.0
3.348741 1.31 0.94656 298 0.0606978 0.0949375 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 3.
Input the ist level sub-band energy levels. c c Ex:
ec1,eh1,el1
c c
c c 4.
Input the material loss, reflectivities, number of quantum c c
wells and beta(for spontaneous emission). c c Ex:
alpha,r1,r2,mm,beta. c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.0670294366291 -0.509274076994E-02
0.096870533574 0.101465108959
0.0428488013474 0.159589791816 12.0d0
0.30 0.30 1
5.D-5 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 5.
Input the cavity length, ridge width, internal efficiency c c
Auger, strain(except AlGaAs,put 0) and confinement factor. c c Ex:
cl,cw,etha,ca,es,confine c c c c 6.
Input the cladding composition and band edges. c c Ex:
cxz,cxy,ecc,evv
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 750.D-4
3D-4 0.96 1.00d-29
0.000 0.009834488 0.050731155
0.1116804 0.1763546 0.2758368 |
b) The steps for these
calculations mentioned are listed in Table C.2.7
Table C.2.7. The steps for the gain and threshold
current density calculations
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 5 THE INPUT FILE NAME= in1.tex SELECT MATERIAL=? 1--AlGaAs 2--InGaAsP 3--In1-zGazAs/InGaAsP/InP 4-- InGaAlAs 5--GaInP/AlzGawIn1-z-wP/Al0.5In0.5P 6-- InxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs 7--In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/GaxIn1-xP(X=0.51)
MATCHED TO GaAs 8--AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP 10-- InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsSb 11--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsSb 12--In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs 13--InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT SELECTION 2 INPUT MODE = ? FOR TE--> MODE =1, FOR
TM--> MODE =2 INPUT TE OR TM ? 1 IF EL1 BELOW EH1 THEN SELECT 1, OTHERWISE
SELECT 2 SELECTION=? 1
************************************************** CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE MASS ************************************************** FOR QUASI-FERMI LEVEL SELECT=1, FOR READ EXISTING QUASI-FERMI LEVEL
SELECT=2 SELECT=? 1 J(LEAKAGE)=0.522156D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.328772D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.544163D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.330752D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.567097D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.332732D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.590996D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.334712D+19 1/cm^3 ………. J(LEAKAGE)=0.685423D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.788120D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.689811D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.790100D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.694207D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.792080D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.698612D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.794060D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.703024D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.796040D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.707444D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.798020D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.711872D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.800000D+19 1/cm^3 **************************************************
G(J) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL G(J)
PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL
Go=0.704410D+01 1/cm
Jo=0.147036D+03 A/cm^2 G(N)
PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL
NGo=0.716265D+03 1/cm
XNo=0.126817D+19 1/cm^3 Jtr=0.540917D+02
A/cm^2 NTR=0.466534D+18 1/cm^3 THE
OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL FOLLOWS THE ARTICLE BY
McIlory et al. IEEE JQE-21 1985. THE
OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL Nopt = 4 INPUT Nopt(CAN BE DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE
CALCULATION)=? 4 NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL(MAY OR MAY NOT BE
Nopt)=? 4
**************************************************
************************************************** 1ST CHECK USE SINGLE WELL TIMES # OF WELLS
**************************************************
************************************************** 2ND CHECK FOLLOWS FORMULA BY McIlory IN
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONIC QE-21 1985.
************************************************** Gth=
28.0530 1/cm Nth=0.629724D+19 1/cm^3 IY= 314 1ST
CHECK Jth= 5406.36686808 A/cm^2 2ND CHECK Jth= 612.65148 A/cm^2 1ST CHECK Ith=0.121643D+03 mA NUMBER OF
WELLS= 4 2ND CHECK Ith=0.137847D+02 mA
************************************************** CALCULATE THE P-I RELATION NDATA=
87
************************************************** CALCULATE THE SLOPE: mW/mA Y=A+BX CONSTANT A= -32.6181898 SLOPE B=
0.2681463
************************************************** INPUT POWER INPUT 0 INPUT 1 FOR THE DYNAMIC CALCULATION. 2 FOR
SKIP INPUT = 2 K-FACTOR= 0.58163 nS MAXIUM FREQ.= 15.2773 GHz
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTONN ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.117426601301 -0.161989946432E-01 0.209974937343E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol1.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml1.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe1.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me1.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTONN ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.138679340946
-0.441266076305E-02 0.301052631579E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol2.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml2.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe2.txt ************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me2.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 3 ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 7 |
c) The Output
characteristics of designed laser from step 5 are summarized in Table C.2.7.
Table C.2.7 Characteristics
of the designed laser
Optimized number of QWs (Nopt) |
4 |
Number of QWs |
4 |
Slope efficiency (%) |
26.8 |
Jth (A/cm^2) |
5406.4
- 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 612.7
– 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Ith (mA) |
121 mA - 1st
check, for matching threshold conditions 13.7 mA - 2nd
check, using McIlory method |
Peak l at operating temperature (um) |
1.21 um for carrier density of 2.0E19 /cm3 1.18 um for carrier density of 3.0E19 /cm3 |
Peak material gain (1/cm) |
2362 /cm for carrier density of 2.0E19 /cm3 3360 /cm for carrier density of
3.0E19 /cm3 |
Fig.
C.2.5. L-I curve of the laser
Fig.
C.2.6. Optical gain-l curve of the laser
Fig.
C.2.7. Mode gain as a function of current density (J)
This is a
simulation of a five-layer laser structure that contains a single quantum well
(QW), two separated confinement heterostructure (SCH) layers, and two cladding
layers as shown in Fig. C.3.1.
Figure C.3.3. Energy band diagram for the simple quantum well structure
The first step of the GAIN program is to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges of the each layer.
The user is asked to enter the photoluminescence wavelength, thickness, and
strain of the QW, SCH, and cladding layers. After these parameters are input,
the GAIN program generates two output files: cbandeg.dat and vbandeg.dat,
containing the material compositions, and the conduction band edges and valence
band edges respectively. The detailed explanation is provided in Chapter 2 of
this manual.
a) The input parameters to the GAIN program in this step is listed in Table.
C.3.1.
Table
C.3.1. Input parameters to the GAIN program in this step.
Layer |
l (um) |
Strain |
Thickness (Ǻ) |
QW (InGaAs) |
1.56 |
0.003507 |
100 |
SCH (In1-xGaxAsyP1-y) |
1.21 |
0 |
100 |
Cladding (InP) |
0.9185 |
|
1000 |
b) The steps in using the GAIN program to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges are listed in Table
C.3.2
Table C.3.2. steps to run
the GAIN program for necessary parameters.
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 1 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 3 INPUT THE LAYER # FOR GRIN STRUCTURE(STEP) STEP N= 2 INPUT THE WELL WAVELENGTH (um) 1.56 INPUT THE BARRIER WAVELENGTH (um) 1.21 INPUT THE CLADDING WAVELENGTH (um) 0.9185 BANDGAP ENERGY OF QUANTUM WELL= 0.79487179 INPUT CLADDING, BARRIER,QUANTUM WELL WIDTH
(A) 1000 100 100 FOR BARRIER IS LATTICE MATCHED SELECT
==>1 FOR BARRIER IS STRAIN COMPENSATED SELECT
==> 2 SELECTION IS ===> ? 1 STRAIN FOR In1-xGaxAs=
3.507367375368143E-003 WRITE CONDUCION BAND PARAMETERS INTO
CBANDEG.DAT WRITE INPUT 1 FOR NEW CALCULATION, 2 FOR EXIT I =? 2 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED
GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 14 THIS PROGRAM STOP HERE!, BACK TO MAIN PAGE |
c) The output files, cbandeg.dat and
vbandeg.dat are explained in Table C.3.3.
Table C.3.3. Material
compositions and band offsets:
a) cbandeg.dat for conduction band
************************************************************************ QW
strain lattice constant 0.350737E-02 0.584822E-09 material
compositions layer
thickness, Ga As conduction band edges
0.10000000E+04
0.00000000E+00
0.0000000 0.1998462 cladding layer
0.10000000E+03
0.21142234E+00
0.4603684 0.0827718 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03
0.51884522E+00
0.0000000 -0.0190298 quantum well
0.10000000E+03
0.21142234E+00
0.4603684 0.0827718 SCH layer
0.10000000E+04
0.00000000E+00
0.0000000 0.1998462 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
b) vbandeg.dat for valence
band
****************************************************
******************** QW
strain lattice constant 0.350737E-02
0.584822E-09 material
compositions layer
thickness, Ga As valence band edges
0.10000000E+04
0.00000000E+00
0.0000000 -0.3552821 cladding layer
0.10000000E+03 0.21142234E+00 0.4603684 -0.1471498 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03
0.51884522E+00
0.0000000 0.0095149 quantum well
0.10000000E+03
0.21142234E+00
0.4603684 -0.1471498 SCH layer
0.10000000E+04
0.00000000E+00 0.0000000 -0.3552821 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
After the calculation of the material
compositions and energy band edges, the GAIN program calculates energy levels
in the conduction band and valence bands. The detailed explanations are
discussed in Chapter 3 of this manual.
a) The steps of how to calculate the energy
levels are shown in Table C.3.4.
Table C.3.4. Steps to
calculate the energy levels
i) Steps to calculate the
conduction band energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 2 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE LOWEST POTENTIAL LAYER(1st
Q-WELL) IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER LAYER OF
STRUCTURE ICR= 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-y)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 3 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.102677331562E-01 ERROR= .4838213E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.829312203346E-01 ERROR= .3134953E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.116110587122E+00 ERROR= .1700480E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.137409592564E+00 ERROR= .2887171E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.193078448219E+00 ERROR= .2186428E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.0102677331562 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.23125143E-04 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.60295889E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.87936197E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.60295889E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.23125143E-04 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.0829312203346 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.30920015E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.29765260E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.39851080E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.29765260E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.30920015E-02 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
ii) Steps to calculate the
heavy hole energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 3 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 3 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.345448893969E+00 ERROR= .5479616E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> -0.313421614966E+00
ERROR= .4977968E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.286023116439E+00 ERROR= .3741431E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.265617316582E+00 ERROR= .4216452E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.234960966106E+00 ERROR= .1892574E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> -0.220233112417E+00
ERROR= .3492980E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.198687987806E+00 ERROR= .2194434E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.182167124769E+00 ERROR= .5669799E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.173478187551E+00 ERROR= .3761173E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> -0.156637644140E+00
ERROR= .4590558E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.154444131718E+00 ERROR= .2538691E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.127480216412E+00 ERROR= .2519639E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.758643937665E-01 ERROR= .2498963E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> -0.356919987894E-01
ERROR= .2709770E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.109370594171E-01 ERROR= .2119172E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.0109370594171 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.18195603E-12 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.48861990E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.99022760E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.48861990E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5
th LAYER = 0.18195603E-12 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.0356919987894 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.60477885E-11 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.20535375E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.95892925E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.20535375E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.60477885E-11 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
iii) Steps to calculate the
light hole energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 4 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 3 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.324350665429E+00 ERROR= .2529748E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.268485842580E+00 ERROR= .4118834E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.200300476894E+00 ERROR= .3413517E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.181133391050E+00 ERROR= .2018955E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.116983827560E+00 ERROR= .3183911E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.161551734944E-01 ERROR= .3222829E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.0161551734944 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.28197495E-05 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.39958233E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.92007789E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.39958233E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.28197495E-05 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.116983827560 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.39043702E-03 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.19969312E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.59983288E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.19969312E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.39043702E-03 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
b) The main output file from this part of
GAIN program is energy.dat, containing all the energy levels as shown in Table
C.3.5. After the energy eigen values are calculated, the GAIN program asks the
user whether he would like to check the wave envelope function or not. We
suggest that the user check the wave envelope functions of the first and second
energy levels for conduction and valence bands. The plots of the envelope
functions are shown in Fig. C.3.2, Fig. C.3.3, Fig C.3.4.
Table C.3.5. output file
energy.dat
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.132273196491E+00
ERROR= .1825400E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.338026920933E+00
ERROR= .2075989E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.438393858497E+00
ERROR= .1374688E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.500546559386E+00
ERROR= .1783885E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.190388140560E+00 ERROR= .3376657E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.178205351549E+00 ERROR= .2794590E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.146868929570E+00 ERROR= .1933278E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.649012884792E-01 ERROR= .1722105E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.584031671619E-02 ERROR= .1782035E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.224692198534E+00 ERROR= .5190988E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.169366776608E+00 ERROR= .3378719E-14 LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.978425419323E-01 ERROR= .2045359E-14 |
|
|
Fig. C.3.2. Wave envelop
functions for energy levels in conduction band |
Fig. C.3.3. Wave envelop
functions for heavy hole energy levels |
Fig. C.3.4. Wave envelop
functions for light hole energy levels
This is the last step of simulations using
the GAIN program. With the previous calculated material composition, energy
band edges, energy levels, and other parameters like material loss and Auger
coefficient, the GAIN program can simulate the threshold current, threshold
current density, slope efficiency, optical gain and mode gain as functions of wavelengths
and photo energies, and L-I curve. The details are explained in Chapter 4 of
the manual.
In this part of GAIN program, the input file
needs to be constructed with the results of the previous steps and according to
the laser design. In this example, a tensile single-quantum-well laser with a
ridge length of 750µm and ridge width of 3 µm, the input file is shown in Table
C.3.6. The detailed steps of simulations are listed in Table C.3.7. The main
output files: L-I curve, optical gain as a function of the wavelength, and mode gain vs. current
density are plotted in Fig. C.3.5, Fig. C.3.6, and Fig. C.3.7.
a) The input file:
Table C.3.6. Input file for
gain and threshold current calculation
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 1.
Input the compositions, width of well, effective index c c and
lasing wavelength. c c Ex:
xx,xz,qy,xy,lx,n,lam c c for
different materials the following are the forms of inputs. c c
c c w --
> well, b -- > barrier cxz and
cxy for cladding. c c
c c
a. AlxGa1-xAs : xx (Al w) xz
(Al b) qy (0) xy (0) c c
b. In1-xGaxAsyP1-y : xx (Ga w)
xz (Ga b) qy (As w) xy (As b) c c
c. In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (0) xy (As b) c c
d. AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (Al w) xy (Al b)c c
e.
c c
f. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (0) xy (Al b) c c
g. c c
h. AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlGaAs : xx
(Al w) xz (al b) qy (In w) xz (0)c c
i. In1-xGaxAs/AlGaInAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (Al b) xy (Ga b) c c
c c
c c 2.
Input the energy gap,temperature, barrier band edges(both bands)c c Ex:
eg,temp,ec,ev
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.51884522 0.21142234 0.0 0.4603684 10.0 3.32 1.55 0.79487179 298 0.10718016 0.1566647 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 3.
Input the ist level sub-band energy levels. c c Ex:
ec1,eh1,el1
c c
c c 4.
Input the material loss, reflectivities, number of quantum c c
wells and beta(for spontaneous emission). c c Ex:
alpha,r1,r2,mm,beta. c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.0102677331562 0.0109370594171 0.0161551734944
0.0829312203346 0.0356919987894 0.116983827560 10.0d0 0.3000 0.300 1 5.D-5 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 5.
Input the cavity length, ridge width, internal efficiency c c
Auger, strain(except AlGaAs,put 0) and confinement factor. c c Ex:
cl,cw,etha,ca,es,confine c c
c c 6.
Input the cladding composition and band edges. c c Ex:
cxz,cxy,ecc,evv
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 500.D-4 3D-4 0.97 3.10d-29 0.0 0.018 0.00 0.00
0.218876 0.364797 |
b) The steps for these
calculations mentioned are listed in Table C.3.7
Table
C.3.7. The steps for the gain and threshold current density calculations
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 5 THE INPUT FILE NAME= in1.tex SELECT MATERIAL=? 1--AlGaAs 2--InGaAsP 3--In1-zGazAs/InGaAsP/InP 4-- InGaAlAs 5--GaInP/AlzGawIn1-z-wP/Al0.5In0.5P 6-- InxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs 7--In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/GaxIn1-xP(X=0.51)
MATCHED TO GaAs 8--AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP 10-- InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsSb 11--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsSb 12--In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs 13--InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT SELECTION 3 INPUT MODE = ? FOR TE--> MODE =1, FOR
TM--> MODE =2 INPUT TE OR TM ? 1 IF EL1 BELOW EH1 THEN SELECT 1, OTHERWISE
SELECT 2 SELECTION=? 1
************************************************** CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE MASS
************************************************** FOR QUASI-FERMI LEVEL SELECT=1, FOR READ EXISTING QUASI-FERMI LEVEL
SELECT=2 SELECT=? 1 J(LEAKAGE)=0.104958D+03 A/cm^2 N=0.328772D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.108158D+03 A/cm^2 N=0.330752D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.111439D+03 A/cm^2 N=0.332732D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.114800D+03 A/cm^2 N=0.334712D+19 1/cm^3 ………. J(LEAKAGE)=0.245553D+05A/cm^2 N=0.788120D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.246733D+05A/cm^2 N=0.790100D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.247912D+05A/cm^2 N=0.792080D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.249092D+05A/cm^2 N=0.794060D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.250272D+05A/cm^2 N=0.796040D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.251453D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.798020D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.252633D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.800000D+19 1/cm^3 **************************************************
G(J)
PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL Go=0.178866D+02 1/cm Jo=0.967184D+02 A/cm^2 G(N) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL NGo=0.993699D+03 1/cm XNo=0.951378D+18 1/cm^3 Jtr=0.355807D+02 A/cm^2 NTR=0.349993D+18 1/cm^3 THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL FOLLOWS
THE ARTICLE BY McIlory et al. IEEE JQE-21 1985. THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL Nopt
= 2 INPUT Nopt(CAN BE DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE
CALCULATION)=? 2 NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL(MAY OR MAY NOT BE
Nopt)=? 1
**************************************************
************************************************** 1ST CHECK USE SINGLE WELL TIMES # OF WELLS **************************************************
************************************************** 2ND CHECK FOLLOWS FORMULA BY McIlory IN
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONIC QE-21 1985.
************************************************** Gth=
34.0795 1/cm Nth=0.174336D+19 1/cm^3 IY= 84 1ST CHECK Jth= 472.08528249 A/cm^2 2ND CHECK Jth= 271.03897 A/cm^2 1ST CHECK Ith=0.708128D+01 mA NUMBER OF
WELLS= 2 2ND CHECK Ith=0.406558D+01 mA
************************************************** CALCULATE THE P-I RELATION NDATA= 317
************************************************** CALCULATE THE SLOPE: mW/mA Y=A+BX CONSTANT A=
-1.9085326 SLOPE B= 0.2695181
************************************************** INPUT POWER INPUT 0 INPUT 1 FOR THE DYNAMIC CALCULATION. 2 FOR
SKIP INPUT = 2 K-FACTOR= 0.25771 nS MAXIUM FREQ.= 34.4792 GHz
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.136951476602
0.00757985775700 0.200075187970E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol1.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml1.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe1.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me1.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.292773620684
-0.223794117473E-01 0.301052631579E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT ************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol2.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml2.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe2.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me2.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 3 ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 7 |
c) The Output
characteristics of designed laser from step 5 are summarized in Table C.3.7.
Table C.3.7 Characteristics
of the designed laser
Optimized number of QWs (Nopt) |
2 |
Number of QWs |
1 |
Slope efficiency (%) |
26.9581 |
Jth (A/cm^2) |
472.085-
1st check, for matching threshold conditions 271.03897
– 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Ith (mA) |
7.08128mA
- 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 4.06558mA
- 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Peak l at operating temperature (um) |
1.53509 um for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 1.530496 um for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 |
Peak material gain (1/cm) |
3405.979 /cm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 4379.23 /cm for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 |
|
|
Fig.
C.3.5. L-I curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.3.6. Optical gain-l curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.3.7. Mode gain as a function of current density (J)
This is a
simulation of a five-layer laser structure that contains a single quantum well
(QW), two separated confinement heterostructure (SCH) layers, and two cladding
layers as shown in Fig. C.4.1.
Figure C.4.4. Energy band diagram for the single quantum well structure
The first step of the GAIN program is to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges of the each layer.
The user is asked to enter the photoluminescence wavelength, thickness, and
strain of the QW, SCH, and cladding layers. After these parameters are input,
the GAIN program generates two output files: cbandeg.dat and vbandeg.dat,
containing the material compositions, and the conduction band edges and valence
band edges respectively. The detailed explanation is provided in Chapter 2 of
this manual.
a) The input parameters to the GAIN program in this step are listed in Table.
C.4.1.
Table
C.4.1. Input parameters to the GAIN program in this step.
Layer |
l (um) |
Strain |
Thickness (Ǻ) |
QW (GaxAlyIn1-x-yAs) |
1.813385122 |
-0.011705 |
60 |
SCH (GaxAlyIn1-x-yAs) |
1.023516108 |
0.0087769 |
50 |
Cladding (GaxAlyIn1-x-yAs) |
0.828002068 |
|
100 |
b) The steps in using the GAIN program to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges are listed in Table
C.4.2
Table C.4.2. steps to run
the GAIN program for necessary parameters.
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 1 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 4 INPUT THE LAYER # FOR GRIN STRUCTURE(STEP) STEP N= 2 INPUT THE WELL WAVELENGTH (um) 1.813385122 INPUT THE BARRIER WAVELENGTH (um) 1.023516108 INPUT THE CLADDING WAVELENGTH (um) 0.828002068 BANDGAP ENERGY OF QUANTUM WELL= 0.683804000019804 INPUT CLADDING, BARRIER,QUANTUM WELL WIDTH
(A) 100 50 60 FOR AlyGaxIn(1-x-y)As, in output read Ga
first then Al IF ONE OF THE COMPONENTS IN ACTIVE REGION
IS ZERO, YOU HAVE TO TRY ANOTHER INITIAL GUESS FOR BOTH WAVELENGTH AND STRAIN INPUT STRAIN -0.011704948 FOR Eg relation from Dr. Chuang,s book
input 1, for Industrial experimental formula input 2 INPUT =--> ? 1 FOR BARRIER IS LATTICE MATCHED SELECT
==>1 FOR BARRIER IS STRAIN COMPENSATED SELECT
==> 2 SELECTION IS ===> ? 2 FOR Eg relation from Dr. Chuang,s book
input 1, for Industrial experimental formula input 2 INPUT =--> ? 1 INPUT STRAIN==>? 0.008776922 WRITE CONDUCTION BAND PARAMETERS INTO
CBANDEG.DAT WRITE INPUT 1 FOR NEW CALCULATION 2 FOR EXIT INPUT =? 2 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched InP) 11 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 14 THIS PROGRAM STOP HERE!, BACK TO MAIN PAGE |
c) The output files, cbandeg.dat and
vbandeg.dat are explained in Table C.4.3.
Table C.4.3. Material
compositions and band offsets:
a) cbandeg.dat for conduction band
************************************************************************ QW
strain lattice constant -.117049E-01
0.593758E-09 material
compositions layer
thickness, Ga Al conduction band edges
0.10000000E+03
0.00000000E+00
0.4829333 0.5859193 cladding layer
0.50000000E+02 0.34879557E+00 0.2505339 0.3327401 SCH layer
0.60000000E+02
0.21964924E+00
0.0801355 0.0538058 quantum well
0.50000000E+02
0.34879557E+00
0.2505339 0.3327401 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03 0.00000000E+00 0.4829333 0.5859193 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
b) vbandeg.dat for valence
band
****************************************************
******************** QW
strain lattice constant -.117049E-01
0.593758E-09 material
compositions layer
thickness, Ga Al valence band edges
0.10000000E+03
0.00000000E+00
0.4829333 -0.2278575 cladding
layer
0.50000000E+02
0.34879557E+00
0.2505339 -0.1241536 SCH layer
0.60000000E+02
0.21964924E+00
0.0801355 -0.0269029 quantum well
0.50000000E+02
0.34879557E+00
0.2505339 -0.1241536 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03
0.00000000E+00
0.4829333 -0.2278575 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
After the calculation of the material
compositions and energy band edges, the GAIN program calculates energy levels
in the conduction band and valence bands. The detailed explanations are
discussed in Chapter 3 of this manual.
a) The steps of how to calculate the energy
levels are shown in Table C.4.4.
Table C.4.4. Steps to
calculate the energy levels
i) Steps to calculate the
conduction band energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 2 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE LOWEST POTENTIAL LAYER(1st
Q-WELL) IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER LAYER OF
STRUCTURE ICR= 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-y)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 4 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.132273196491E+00 ERROR= .1825400E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.338026920933E+00 ERROR= .2075989E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.438393858497E+00 ERROR= .1374688E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.500546559386E+00 ERROR= .1783885E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.132273196491 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.58761391E-04 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.60148156E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.87958617E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.60148156E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.58761391E-04 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.338026920933 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.56890043E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.28761534E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.41339131E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.28761534E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.56890043E-02 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
ii) Steps to calculate the
heavy hole energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 3 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 4 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 2 INPUT BARRIER STRAIN =? 0.008776922 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.190388140560E+00 ERROR= .3376657E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.178205351549E+00 ERROR= .2794590E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.146868929570E+00 ERROR= .1933278E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.649012884792E-01 ERROR= .1722105E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.584031671619E-02 ERROR= .1782035E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.584031671619E-02 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.10778777E-06 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.15062630E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.96987452E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.15062630E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.10778777E-06 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.649012884792E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.51712890E-05 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.68039794E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.86391007E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.68039794E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.51712890E-05 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
iii) Steps to calculate the
light hole energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 4 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 4 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 2 INPUT BARRIER STRAIN =? 0.008776922 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.224692198534E+00 ERROR= .5190988E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.169366776608E+00 ERROR= .3378719E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.978425419323E-01 ERROR= .2045359E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.978425419323E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.10863305E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.19796026E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.58235288E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.19796026E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.10863305E-01 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.169366776608 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.90021097E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.36387798E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.92201838E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.36387798E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.90021097E-01 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
b) The main output file from this part of
GAIN program is energy.dat, containing all the energy levels as shown in Table
C.4.5. After the energy eigen values are calculated, the GAIN program asks the
user whether he would like to check the wave envelope function or not. We
suggest that the user check the wave envelope functions of the first and second
energy levels for conduction and valence bands. The plots of the envelope
functions are shown in Fig. C.4.2, Fig. C.4.3, Fig C.4.4.
Table C.4.5. output file
energy.dat
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.132273196491E+00
ERROR= .1825400E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.338026920933E+00
ERROR= .2075989E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.438393858497E+00
ERROR= .1374688E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.500546559386E+00
ERROR= .1783885E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.190388140560E+00 ERROR= .3376657E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.178205351549E+00 ERROR= .2794590E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.146868929570E+00 ERROR= .1933278E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.649012884792E-01 ERROR= .1722105E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.584031671619E-02 ERROR= .1782035E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.224692198534E+00 ERROR= .5190988E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.169366776608E+00 ERROR= .3378719E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.978425419323E-01 ERROR= .2045359E-14 |
|
|
Fig. C.4.2. Wave envelope
functions for energy levels in conduction band |
Fig. C.4.3. Wave envelope
functions for heavy hole energy levels |
Fig. C.4.4. Wave envelope
functions for light hole energy levels
This is the last step of simulations using
the GAIN program. With the previous calculated material composition, energy
band edges, energy levels, and other parameters like material loss and Auger
coefficient, the GAIN program can simulate the threshold current, threshold
current density, slope efficiency, optical gain and mode gain as functions of
wavelengths and photon energies, and L-I curve. The details are explained in
Chapter 4 of the manual.
In this part of GAIN program, the input file
needs to be constructed with the results of the previous steps and according to
the laser design. In this example, single quantum well structure is used to
simulate a three-QW laser. For the three-quantum-well laser with a ridge length
of 750 µm and ridge width of 3 µm, the input file is shown in Table C.4.6. The
detailed steps of simulations are listed in Table C.4.7. The main output files:
L-I curve, optical gain as a function of
the wavelength, and mode gain vs. current density are plotted in Fig.
C.4.5, Fig. C.4.6, and Fig. C.4.7.
a) The input file:
Table C.4.6. Input file for
gain and threshold current calculation
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 1.
Input the compositions, width of well, effective index c c and
lasing wavelength. c c Ex:
xx,xz,qy,xy,lx,n,lam c c for
different materials the following are the forms of inputs. c c
c c w --
> well, b -- > barrier cxz and
cxy for cladding. c c c c
a. AlxGa1-xAs : xx (Al w) xz
(Al b) qy (0) xy (0) c c
b. In1-xGaxAsyP1-y : xx (Ga w)
xz (Ga b) qy (As w) xy (As b) c c
c. In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (0) xy (As b) c c d. AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP : xx (Ga w) xz (Ga b)
qy (Al w) xy (Al b)c c
e.
c c
f. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (0) xy (Al b) c c
g.
c c
h. AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlGaAs : xx
(Al w) xz (al b) qy (In w) xz (0)c c
i. In1-xGaxAs/AlGaInAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (Al b) xy (Ga b) c c
j. In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)
:xx(As w),xz(As, b),qy(In w),xy(In b)c c k. InGaAs/InGaAsP/GaAs: xx (In w), (0), xz(Ga
w) xy (As b) c 2.
Input the energy gap,temperature, barrier band edges(both bands) c Ex:
eg,temp,ec,ev
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.21964924 0.34879557 0.0801355
0.2505339 6.0 3.218741
1.5 0.683804 298 0.3327401 0.1241536 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 3.
Input the ist level sub-band energy levels. c c Ex:
ec1,eh1,el1
c c
c c 4.
Input the material loss, reflectivities, number of quantum c c
wells and beta(for spontaneous emission). c c Ex:
alpha,r1,r2,mm,beta. c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.132273291719
0.584032029186E-02
0.978425521147E-01 1 1 1 12.0d0
0.30 0.30 1
5.D-5 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 5.
Input the cavity length, ridge width, internal efficiency c c
Auger, strain(except AlGaAs,put 0) and confinement factor. c c Ex:
cl,cw,etha,ca,es,confine c c
c c 6.
Input the cladding composition and band edges. c c Ex:
cxz,cxy,ecc,evv c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 750.D-4
3D-4 0.96 1.00d-29
0.000 0.009834488 0.48 0.0
0.5859193 0.2278575 |
b) The steps for these
calculations mentioned are listed in Table C.4.7
Table
C.4.7. The steps for the gain and threshold current density calculations
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 5 THE INPUT FILE NAME= in1.tex SELECT MATERIAL=? 1--AlGaAs 2--InGaAsP 3--In1-zGazAs/InGaAsP/InP 4-- InGaAlAs 5--GaInP/AlzGawIn1-z-wP/Al0.5In0.5P 6-- InxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs 7--In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/GaxIn1-xP(X=0.51)
MATCHED TO GaAs 8--AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP 10-- InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsSb 11--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsSb 12--In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs 13--InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT SELECTION 4 INPUT MODE = ? FOR TE--> MODE =1, FOR
TM--> MODE =2 INPUT TE OR TM ? 1 IF EL1 BELOW EH1 THEN SELECT 1, OTHERWISE
SELECT 2 SELECTION=? 1 ************************************************** CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE MASS
************************************************** FOR QUASI-FERMI LEVEL SELECT=1, FOR READ EXISTING QUASI-FERMI LEVEL
SELECT=2 SELECT=? 1 J(LEAKAGE)=0.522156D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.328772D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.544163D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.330752D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.567097D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.332732D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.590996D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.334712D+19 1/cm^3 ………. J(LEAKAGE)=0.654295D+03
A/cm^2 N=0.788120D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.678642D+03
A/cm^2 N=0.790100D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.703785D+03
A/cm^2 N=0.792080D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.729743D+03
A/cm^2 N=0.794060D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.756533D+03
A/cm^2 N=0.796040D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.784174D+03
A/cm^2 N=0.798020D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.812685D+03
A/cm^2 N=0.800000D+19 1/cm^3 **************************************************
G(J)
PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL Go=0.158181D+02 1/cm Jo=0.954942D+02 A/cm^2 G(N) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL NGo=0.160843D+04 1/cm XNo=0.911779D+18 1/cm^3 Jtr=0.351304D+02 A/cm^2 NTR=0.335425D+18 1/cm^3 THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL FOLLOWS
THE ARTICLE BY McIlory et al. IEEE JQE-21 1985. THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL Nopt
= 2 INPUT Nopt(CAN BE DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE
CALCULATION)=? 2 NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL(MAY OR MAY NOT BE
Nopt)=? 3
**************************************************
************************************************** 1ST CHECK USE SINGLE WELL TIMES # OF WELLS **************************************************
************************************************** 2ND CHECK FOLLOWS FORMULA BY McIlory IN
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONIC QE-21 1985.
************************************************** Gth=
28.0530 1/cm Nth=0.170376D+19 1/cm^3 IY= 82 1ST CHECK Jth= 381.42697085 A/cm^2 2ND CHECK Jth= 213.82690 A/cm^2 1ST CHECK Ith=0.858211D+01 mA NUMBER OF
WELLS= 2 2ND CHECK Ith=0.481111D+01 mA
************************************************** CALCULATE THE P-I RELATION NDATA= 319
************************************************** CALCULATE THE SLOPE: mW/mA Y=A+BX CONSTANT A=
-1.8744106 SLOPE B= 0.2184091
************************************************** INPUT POWER INPUT 0 INPUT 1 FOR THE DYNAMIC CALCULATION. 2 FOR
SKIP INPUT = 2 K-FACTOR= 0.33294 nS MAXIUM FREQ.= 26.6891 GHz
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.238566456069
-0.666558305734E-02 0.200075187970E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol1.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE GAIN(LAMBDA) ml1.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe1.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me1.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.292773620684
-0.223794117473E-01 0.301052631579E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT ************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol2.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml2.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe2.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me2.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 3 ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 7 |
c) The Output
characteristics of designed laser from step 5 are summarized in Table C.4.7.
Table C.4.7 Characteristics
of the designed laser
Optimized number of QWs (Nopt) |
2 |
Number of QWs |
3 |
Slope efficiency (%) |
21.84 |
Jth (A/cm^2) |
381.4
- 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 213.8
– 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Ith (mA) |
8.58
mA - 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 4.
81 mA - 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Peak l at operating temperature (um) |
1.52 um for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 1.53 um for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 |
Peak material gain (1/cm) |
3160.1 /cm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 2115.6 /cm for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 |
|
|
Fig.
C.4.5. L-I curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.4.6. Optical gain-l curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.4.7. Mode gain as a function of current density (J)
This is a
simulation of a five-layer laser structure that contains a single quantum well
(QW), two separated confinement heterostructure (SCH) layers, and two cladding
layers as shown in Fig. C.5.1.
Figure C.5.5. Energy band diagram for the simple quantum well structure
The first step of the GAIN program is to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges of the each layer.
The user is asked to enter the photoluminescence wavelength, thickness, and
strain of the QW, SCH, and cladding layers. After these parameters are input,
the GAIN program generates two output files: cbandeg.dat and vbandeg.dat,
containing the material compositions, and the conduction band edges and valence
band edges respectively. The detailed explanation is provided in Chapter 2 of
this manual.
a) The input parameters to the GAIN program in this step islisted in Table.
C.5.1.
Table
C.5.1. Input parameters to the GAIN program in this step.
Layer |
l (um) |
Strain |
Thickness (Ǻ) |
QW (Ga0.6In0.4P) |
0.63 |
-0.0027 |
80 |
SCH ((Al0.6Ga0.4)0.5In0.5P) |
0.545 |
0 |
1063 |
Cladding (Al0.5In0.5P) |
0.491 |
0 |
10000 |
b) The steps in using the GAIN program to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges are listed in Table
C.5.2
Table C.5.2. steps to run
the GAIN program for necessary parameters.
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY
PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 1 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched
InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 5 Ga(x)In(1-x)P/AlGaInP/AlGaInP(matched to
GaAs) If x=0.5 then GaInP(Eg=1.891eV) lattice
matched to GaAs The barrier region can be latticed matched
to GaAs or strained composition. In QW region x->Ga, y->0 Both barrier(SCH) and cladding, X->Ga,
Y->Al INPUT THE LAYER # FOR GRIN STRUCTURE(STEP) STEP N= 2 INPUT THE WELL WAVELENGTH (um) 0.63 INPUT THE BARRIER WAVELENGTH (um) 0.545 INPUT THE CLADDING WAVELENGTH (um) 0.491 BANDGAP ENERGY OF QUANTUM WELL= 1.96825396825397 eV INPUT CLADDING, BARRIER,QUANTUM WELL WIDTH
(A) 10000 1063 80 For AlGaInP lattice matched to GaAs select
-->1 For AlGaInP lattice mismatch select -->
2 SELECTION ===> ? 1 STRAIN FOR GaInP 2.714641526427632E-003 WRITE CONDUCTION BAND PARAMETERS INTO
CBANDEG.DAT WRITE INPUT 1 FOR NEW CALCULATION, 2 FOR EXIT I= ? 2 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched InP) 11 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 14 THIS PROGRAM STOP HERE!, BACK TO MAIN PAGE |
c) The output files, cbandeg.dat and
vbandeg.dat are explained in Table C.5.3.
Table C.5.3. Material
compositions and band offsets:
a) cbandeg.dat for conduction band
************************************************************************ QW
strain lattice constant
0.271464E-02 0.563795E-09 material
compositions AlyGaxIn1-x-yP layer
thickness, Ga Al conduction band edges
0.10000000E+05
-0.44739897E-02
0.5044740 0.1950215 cladding layer 0.10630000E+04 0.20063165E+00 0.2993683 0.1074414 SCH layer
0.80000000E+02
0.55257950E+00
0.0000000 -0.0142929 quantum well
0.10630000E+04
0.20063165E+00
0.2993683 0.1074414 SCH layer
0.10000000E+05 -0.44739897E-02 0.5044740 0.1950215 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
b) vbandeg.dat for valence
band
****************************************************
******************** QW
strain lattice constant
0.271464E-02 0.563795E-09 material
compositions AlyGaxIn1-x-yP layer
thickness, Ga Al valence band edges
0.10000000E+05
-0.44739897E-02 0.5044740 -0.3621828 cladding layer
0.10630000E+04
0.20063165E+00
0.2993683 -0.1995340 SCH layer
0.80000000E+02
0.55257950E+00
0.0000000 0.0071464 quantum well
0.10630000E+04
0.20063165E+00
0.2993683 -0.1995340 SCH layer
0.10000000E+05
-0.44739897E-02
0.5044740 -0.3621828 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
After the calculation of the material
compositions and energy band edges, the GAIN program calculates energy levels
in the conduction band and valence bands. The detailed explanations are
discussed in Chapter 3 of this manual.
a) The steps of how to calculate the energy
levels are shown in Table C.5.4.
Table C.5.4. Steps to
calculate the energy levels
i) Steps to calculate the
conduction band energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 2 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE LOWEST POTENTIAL LAYER(1st
Q-WELL) IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER LAYER OF
STRUCTURE ICR= 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-y)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 5 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.961974438375E-02 ERROR= .2786910E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.743662554277E-01 ERROR= .2580380E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.107675191040E+00 ERROR= .4266368E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.107688174734E+00 ERROR= .2463437E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.108376258685E+00 ERROR= .6317963E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.108428037338E+00 ERROR= .1442872E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.109543687391E+00 ERROR= .2900562E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.109659654907E+00 ERROR= .1483391E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.111175954839E+00 ERROR= .2524093E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.111380963353E+00 ERROR= .1915930E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.113270939913E+00 ERROR= .2521982E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.113589356334E+00 ERROR= .2292240E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.115825939696E+00 ERROR= .2102730E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.116281876661E+00 ERROR= .1980838E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.118837702628E+00 ERROR= .2070679E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.119455372783E+00 ERROR= .1414132E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.122302488065E+00 ERROR= .2748183E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.123106599250E+00 ERROR= .1286513E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.126216164546E+00 ERROR= .2382521E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.127232254643E+00 ERROR= .1318435E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.130574357571E+00 ERROR= .3582667E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.131828958191E+00 ERROR= .2236097E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.135372648300E+00 ERROR= .2832335E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.136893165876E+00 ERROR= .2662248E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.140606801955E+00 ERROR= .2075560E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.142421018041E+00 ERROR= .2486680E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.146272964900E+00 ERROR= .2509426E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.148408090543E+00 ERROR= .1416510E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.152367710782E+00 ERROR= .3201183E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.154848978871E+00 ERROR= .2597122E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.158887734556E+00 ERROR= .1766965E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.161736541616E+00 ERROR= .2628242E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.165828843460E+00 ERROR= .2472018E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.169060333436E+00 ERROR= .1986998E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.173183433744E+00 ERROR= .3017043E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.176802685912E+00 ERROR= .1597014E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.180933567715E+00 ERROR= .2328795E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.184925313643E+00 ERROR= .2516799E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.189021845141E+00 ERROR= .1893777E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.193267857341E+00 ERROR= .2992086E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.00962 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE v1 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.19880306E-80 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.37682916E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.11196418E-24 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.62317084E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.19880985E-80 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.07437 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE v2 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.15868871E-32 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.15724277E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.68556334E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.15719389E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.15863938E-32 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
Fig.
C.5.2 Envelope functions for conduction band
ii) Steps to calculate the
heavy hole energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 3 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 5 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.361192916606E+00 ERROR= .2318346E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.358485532473E+00 ERROR= .4956447E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.354716248972E+00 ERROR= .5526373E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.351913554427E+00 ERROR= .5317960E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.348266207154E+00 ERROR= .2918676E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.345413437374E+00 ERROR= .3749323E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.341928545612E+00 ERROR= .3487911E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.339023804865E+00 ERROR= .4983602E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.335719117586E+00 ERROR= .2977748E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.332757485607E+00 ERROR= .2663835E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.329642979500E+00 ERROR= .4769990E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.326621008574E+00 ERROR= .2474339E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.323701256646E+00 ERROR= .4188658E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.320618410761E+00 ERROR= .4940924E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.317893261288E+00 ERROR= .3395574E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.314752486888E+00 ERROR= .2722462E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.312217533281E+00 ERROR= .3080726E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.309025316890E+00 ERROR= .3714707E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.306672506150E+00 ERROR= .3651204E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.303438526815E+00 ERROR= .4852848E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.301256950156E+00 ERROR= .2606583E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.297993433199E+00 ERROR= .3079430E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.295970220156E+00 ERROR= .3775307E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.292691130035E+00 ERROR= .5023247E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.290812329627E+00 ERROR= .4216785E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.287532544737E+00 ERROR= .2473812E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.285783893576E+00 ERROR= .3723957E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.282518476130E+00 ERROR= .5303396E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.280885995969E+00 ERROR= .4570210E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.277649621354E+00 ERROR= .3537788E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.276120032911E+00 ERROR= .4293540E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.272926595561E+00 ERROR= .3632004E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.271487567178E+00 ERROR= .2909894E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.268349946744E+00 ERROR= .3976899E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.266990212090E+00 ERROR= .4204415E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.263920167090E+00 ERROR= .1103405E-13 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.262629549143E+00 ERROR= .1689306E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.259637701783E+00 ERROR= .3319052E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.258407076018E+00 ERROR= .3786958E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.255502955805E+00 ERROR= .1151041E-13 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.254324178366E+00 ERROR= .4380337E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.251516299101E+00 ERROR= .1407601E-13 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.250382118475E+00 ERROR= .2547440E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.247678070270E+00 ERROR= .9114289E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.246582034966E+00 ERROR= .2802900E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.243988578824E+00 ERROR= .4761360E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.242924949068E+00 ERROR= .2434459E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.240448105895E+00 ERROR= .3480106E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.239411774399E+00 ERROR= .4274582E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.237056903110E+00 ERROR= .6999869E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.236043328190E+00 ERROR= .3901435E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.233815189170E+00 ERROR= .4571935E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.232820342717E+00 ERROR= .2810531E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.230723143380E+00 ERROR= .3910965E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.229743476197E+00 ERROR= .1968086E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.227780895151E+00 ERROR= .4565070E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.226813322769E+00 ERROR= .2321745E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.224988508124E+00 ERROR= .5484183E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.224030421380E+00 ERROR= .1919168E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.222345957410E+00 ERROR= .1879845E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.221395263540E+00 ERROR= .1827758E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.219853098509E+00 ERROR= .4186959E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.218908299959E+00 ERROR= .3620360E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.217509627335E+00 ERROR= .2453680E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.216569946120E+00 ERROR= .3220033E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.215315033070E+00 ERROR= .3463684E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.214380586860E+00 ERROR= .2219382E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.213268550022E+00 ERROR= .2777570E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.212340580018E+00 ERROR= .2743067E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.211369121597E+00 ERROR= .4226083E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.210450259232E+00 ERROR= .3692444E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.209615397194E+00 ERROR= .3171740E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.208709935933E+00 ERROR= .4209780E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.208005786497E+00 ERROR= .1814778E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.207119900601E+00 ERROR= .3397305E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.206538587407E+00 ERROR= .3003403E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.205680423359E+00 ERROR= .3543397E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.205212178908E+00 ERROR= .2834381E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.204391753956E+00 ERROR= .3372802E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.204025235404E+00 ERROR= .1580920E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.203254121238E+00 ERROR= .3043020E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.202976896095E+00 ERROR= .2298392E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.202267732184E+00 ERROR= .3884085E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.202066832823E+00 ERROR= .1442648E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.201432770625E+00 ERROR= .3171156E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.201295200743E+00 ERROR= .2947302E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.200749395757E+00 ERROR= .5270798E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.200662501388E+00 ERROR= .1723172E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.200217740582E+00 ERROR= .3038427E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.200169410122E+00 ERROR= .1957778E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.199837910396E+00 ERROR= .3248494E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.199816614058E+00 ERROR= .1532467E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.199609981468E+00 ERROR= .5295449E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.199604685919E+00 ERROR= .1312598E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.148632604544E+00 ERROR= .2080935E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.876451923558E-01 ERROR= .2306744E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> -0.412267198395E-01 ERROR= .2280033E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.126212972547E-01 ERROR= .1971012E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.01262 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE v1 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.52282888-137 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.34694604E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.99306255E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.34679900E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.52260731-137 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.04123 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE v2 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.10877571-125 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.14859493E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.97028911E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.14851394E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.10871642-125 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
Fig.
C.5.3. Envelope functions for heavy
holes
iii) Steps to calculate the
light hole energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 4 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL) LAYER
IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 5 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.355569923291E+00 ERROR= .2120444E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.350213432069E+00 ERROR= .2426284E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.342922783182E+00 ERROR= .3165783E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.337911435179E+00 ERROR= .5718315E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.330625015453E+00 ERROR= .2861106E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.326008761019E+00 ERROR= .4734580E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.318798731413E+00 ERROR= .1888460E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.314568675940E+00 ERROR= .1013061E-13 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.307483438965E+00 ERROR= .3719772E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.303617431871E+00 ERROR= .5426840E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.296698810286E+00 ERROR= .1928970E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.293170593472E+00 ERROR= .4117972E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.286456711046E+00 ERROR= .2087373E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.283239553955E+00 ERROR= .5116587E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.276765133426E+00 ERROR= .4002561E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.273833711271E+00 ERROR= .3188520E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.267629853353E+00 ERROR= .2473219E-13 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.264961286499E+00 ERROR= .4783343E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.259055249198E+00 ERROR= .1445075E-13 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.256629650468E+00 ERROR= .2986270E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.251044756020E+00 ERROR= .4368280E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.248845466028E+00 ERROR= .3916633E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.243601143953E+00 ERROR= .3203893E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.241614764042E+00 ERROR= .3829278E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.236726707646E+00 ERROR= .2318723E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.234942997591E+00 ERROR= .4144951E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.230423413478E+00 ERROR= .3722336E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.228835088921E+00 ERROR= .1889767E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.224693035843E+00 ERROR= .7133531E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.223295471814E+00 ERROR= .2689170E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.219537311510E+00 ERROR= .3510794E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.218328128086E+00 ERROR= .1768869E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.214958149620E+00 ERROR= .2491797E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.213936616153E+00 ERROR= .2951357E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.210957957871E+00 ERROR= .5197287E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.210124090200E+00 ERROR= .3596255E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.207540190458E+00 ERROR= .2365701E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.206893309508E+00 ERROR= .1630595E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.204710293790E+00 ERROR= .2473877E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.204246638588E+00 ERROR= .1699402E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.202477269514E+00 ERROR= .4978716E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.202186039835E+00 ERROR= .1133236E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.200855776105E+00 ERROR= .3613962E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.200713061214E+00 ERROR= .2681968E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.199867089971E+00 ERROR= .4376218E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.199828822046E+00 ERROR= .2747680E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.194053584736E+00 ERROR= .2807414E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> -0.921176591126E-01 ERROR= .2804206E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.113712309471E-01 ERROR= .2367096E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.01137 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE v1 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.74617117-109 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.42705762E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.60268078E-39 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.57294238E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.74606910-109 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.09212 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE v2 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.15954161E-52 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.75010282E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.84999032E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.74999400E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.15951847E-52 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
Fig. C.5.4. Envelope functions for light holes
b) The main output file from this part of
GAIN program is energy.dat, containing all the energy levels as shown in Table
C.5.5. After the energy eigen values are calculated, the GAIN program asks the
user whether he would like to check the wave envelope function or not. We
suggest that the user check the wave envelope functions of the first and second
energy levels for conduction and valence bands.
Table C.5.5. output file
energy.dat
CONDUCTION BAND ENERGY===> 0.961974438375E-02 ERROR= .2786910E-14
CONDUCTION BAND ENERGY===> 0.743662554277E-01 ERROR= .2580380E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.107675191040E+00
ERROR= .4266368E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.107688174734E+00
ERROR= .2463437E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.108376258685E+00
ERROR= .6317963E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.108428037338E+00
ERROR= .1442872E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.109543687391E+00
ERROR= .2900562E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.109659654907E+00
ERROR= .1483391E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.111175954839E+00
ERROR= .2524093E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.111380963353E+00 ERROR=
.1915930E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.113270939913E+00
ERROR= .2521982E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.113589356334E+00
ERROR= .2292240E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.115825939696E+00
ERROR= .2102730E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.116281876661E+00
ERROR= .1980838E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.118837702628E+00
ERROR= .2070679E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.119455372783E+00
ERROR= .1414132E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.122302488065E+00
ERROR= .2748183E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.123106599250E+00
ERROR= .1286513E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.126216164546E+00
ERROR= .2382521E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.127232254643E+00
ERROR= .1318435E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.130574357571E+00
ERROR= .3582667E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.131828958191E+00
ERROR= .2236097E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.135372648300E+00
ERROR= .2832335E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.136893165876E+00
ERROR= .2662248E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.140606801955E+00
ERROR= .2075560E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.142421018041E+00
ERROR= .2486680E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.146272964900E+00
ERROR= .2509426E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.148408090543E+00
ERROR= .1416510E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.152367710782E+00
ERROR= .3201183E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.154848978871E+00
ERROR= .2597122E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.158887734556E+00
ERROR= .1766965E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.161736541616E+00
ERROR= .2628242E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.165828843460E+00
ERROR= .2472018E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.169060333436E+00
ERROR= .1986998E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.173183433744E+00
ERROR= .3017043E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.176802685912E+00
ERROR= .1597014E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.180933567715E+00
ERROR= .2328795E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.184925313643E+00
ERROR= .2516799E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.189021845141E+00
ERROR= .1893777E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.193267857341E+00
ERROR= .2992086E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.361192916606E+00 ERROR= .2318346E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.358485532473E+00 ERROR= .4956447E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.354716248972E+00 ERROR= .5526373E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.351913554427E+00 ERROR= .5317960E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.348266207154E+00 ERROR= .2918676E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.345413437374E+00 ERROR= .3749323E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.341928545612E+00 ERROR= .3487911E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.339023804865E+00 ERROR= .4983602E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.335719117586E+00 ERROR= .2977748E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.332757485607E+00 ERROR= .2663835E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.329642979500E+00 ERROR= .4769990E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.326621008574E+00 ERROR= .2474339E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.323701256646E+00 ERROR= .4188658E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.320618410761E+00 ERROR= .4940924E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.317893261288E+00 ERROR= .3395574E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.314752486888E+00 ERROR= .2722462E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.312217533281E+00 ERROR= .3080726E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.309025316890E+00 ERROR= .3714707E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.306672506150E+00 ERROR= .3651204E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.303438526815E+00 ERROR= .4852848E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.301256950156E+00 ERROR= .2606583E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.297993433199E+00 ERROR= .3079430E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.295970220156E+00 ERROR= .3775307E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.292691130035E+00 ERROR= .5023247E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.290812329627E+00 ERROR= .4216785E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.287532544737E+00 ERROR= .2473812E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.285783893576E+00 ERROR= .3723957E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.282518476130E+00 ERROR= .5303396E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.280885995969E+00 ERROR= .4570210E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.277649621354E+00 ERROR= .3537788E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.276120032911E+00 ERROR= .4293540E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.272926595561E+00 ERROR= .3632004E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.271487567178E+00 ERROR= .2909894E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.268349946744E+00 ERROR= .3976899E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.266990212090E+00 ERROR= .4204415E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.263920167090E+00 ERROR= .1103405E-13 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.262629549143E+00 ERROR= .1689306E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.259637701783E+00 ERROR= .3319052E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.258407076018E+00 ERROR= .3786958E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.255502955805E+00 ERROR= .1151041E-13
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.254324178366E+00 ERROR= .4380337E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.251516299101E+00 ERROR= .1407601E-13
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.250382118475E+00 ERROR= .2547440E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.247678070270E+00 ERROR= .9114289E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.246582034966E+00 ERROR= .2802900E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.243988578824E+00 ERROR= .4761360E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.242924949068E+00 ERROR= .2434459E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.240448105895E+00 ERROR= .3480106E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.239411774399E+00 ERROR= .4274582E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.237056903110E+00 ERROR= .6999869E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.236043328190E+00 ERROR= .3901435E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.233815189170E+00 ERROR= .4571935E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.232820342717E+00 ERROR= .2810531E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.230723143380E+00 ERROR= .3910965E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.229743476197E+00 ERROR= .1968086E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.227780895151E+00 ERROR= .4565070E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.226813322769E+00 ERROR= .2321745E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.224988508124E+00 ERROR= .5484183E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.224030421380E+00 ERROR= .1919168E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.222345957410E+00 ERROR= .1879845E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.221395263540E+00 ERROR= .1827758E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.219853098509E+00 ERROR= .4186959E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.218908299959E+00 ERROR= .3620360E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.217509627335E+00 ERROR= .2453680E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.216569946120E+00 ERROR= .3220033E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.215315033070E+00 ERROR= .3463684E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.214380586860E+00 ERROR= .2219382E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.213268550022E+00 ERROR= .2777570E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.212340580018E+00 ERROR= .2743067E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.211369121597E+00 ERROR= .4226083E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.210450259232E+00 ERROR= .3692444E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.209615397194E+00 ERROR= .3171740E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.208709935933E+00 ERROR= .4209780E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.208005786497E+00 ERROR= .1814778E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.207119900601E+00 ERROR= .3397305E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.206538587407E+00 ERROR= .3003403E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.205680423359E+00 ERROR= .3543397E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.205212178908E+00 ERROR= .2834381E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.204391753956E+00 ERROR= .3372802E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.204025235404E+00 ERROR= .1580920E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.203254121238E+00 ERROR= .3043020E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.202976896095E+00 ERROR= .2298392E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.202267732184E+00 ERROR= .3884085E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.202066832823E+00 ERROR= .1442648E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.201432770625E+00 ERROR= .3171156E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.201295200743E+00 ERROR= .2947302E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.200749395757E+00 ERROR= .5270798E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.200662501388E+00 ERROR= .1723172E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.200217740582E+00 ERROR= .3038427E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.200169410122E+00 ERROR= .1957778E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.199837910396E+00 ERROR= .3248494E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.199816614058E+00 ERROR= .1532467E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.199609981468E+00 ERROR= .5295449E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.199604685919E+00 ERROR= .1312598E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.148632604544E+00 ERROR= .2080935E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.876451923558E-01 ERROR= .2306744E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.412267198395E-01 ERROR= .2280033E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.126212972547E-01 ERROR= .1971012E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.355569923291E+00 ERROR= .2120444E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.350213432069E+00 ERROR= .2426284E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.342922783182E+00 ERROR= .3165783E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.337911435179E+00 ERROR= .5718315E-14 LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.330625015453E+00 ERROR= .2861106E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.326008761019E+00 ERROR= .4734580E-14 LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.318798731413E+00 ERROR= .1888460E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.314568675940E+00 ERROR= .1013061E-13
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.307483438965E+00 ERROR= .3719772E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.303617431871E+00 ERROR= .5426840E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.296698810286E+00 ERROR= .1928970E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.293170593472E+00 ERROR= .4117972E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.286456711046E+00 ERROR= .2087373E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.283239553955E+00 ERROR= .5116587E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.276765133426E+00 ERROR= .4002561E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.273833711271E+00 ERROR= .3188520E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.267629853353E+00 ERROR= .2473219E-13
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.264961286499E+00 ERROR= .4783343E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.259055249198E+00 ERROR= .1445075E-13 LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.256629650468E+00 ERROR= .2986270E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.251044756020E+00 ERROR= .4368280E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.248845466028E+00 ERROR= .3916633E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.243601143953E+00 ERROR= .3203893E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.241614764042E+00 ERROR= .3829278E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.236726707646E+00 ERROR= .2318723E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.234942997591E+00 ERROR= .4144951E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.230423413478E+00 ERROR= .3722336E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.228835088921E+00 ERROR= .1889767E-14 LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.224693035843E+00 ERROR= .7133531E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.223295471814E+00 ERROR= .2689170E-14 LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.219537311510E+00 ERROR= .3510794E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.218328128086E+00 ERROR= .1768869E-14
LIGHT HOLE ENERGY===> -0.214958149620E+00
ERROR= .2491797E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.213936616153E+00 ERROR= .2951357E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.210957957871E+00 ERROR= .5197287E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.210124090200E+00 ERROR= .3596255E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.207540190458E+00 ERROR= .2365701E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.206893309508E+00 ERROR= .1630595E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.204710293790E+00 ERROR= .2473877E-14 LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.204246638588E+00 ERROR= .1699402E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.202477269514E+00 ERROR= .4978716E-14 LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.202186039835E+00 ERROR= .1133236E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.200855776105E+00 ERROR= .3613962E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.200713061214E+00 ERROR= .2681968E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.199867089971E+00 ERROR= .4376218E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.199828822046E+00 ERROR= .2747680E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.194053584736E+00 ERROR= .2807414E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.921176591126E-01 ERROR= .2804206E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.113712309471E-01 ERROR= .2367096E-14
|
This is the last step of simulations using
the GAIN program. With the previous calculated material composition, energy
band edges, energy levels, and other parameters like material loss and Auger
coefficient, the GAIN program can simulate the threshold current, threshold
current density, slope efficiency, optical gain and mode gain as functions of
wavelengths and photo energies, and L-I curve. The details are explained in
Chapter 4 of the manual, and the basic theory is discussed in Appendix C.
In this part of GAIN program, the input file
needs to be constructed with the results of the previous steps and according to
the laser design. In this example, single quantum well structure is used with a
ridge length of 500 µm and ridge width of 5 µm, the input file is shown in
Table C.5.6. The detailed steps of simulations are listed in Table C.5.7. The
main output files: L-I curve, optical gain as a function of the wavelength, and mode gain vs. current
density are plotted in Fig. C.5.5, Fig. C.5.6, and Fig. C.5.7.
a) The input file:
Table C.5.6. Input file for
gain and threshold current calculation
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 1.
Input the compositions, width of well, effective index c c and
lasing wavelength. c c Ex:
xx,xz,qy,xy,lx,n,lam c c for
different materials the following are the forms of inputs. c c
c c w --
> well, b -- > barrier cxz and
cxy for cladding. c c
c c
a. AlxGa1-xAs : xx (Al w) xz
(Al b) qy (0) xy (0) c c
b. In1-xGaxAsyP1-y : xx (Ga w)
xz (Ga b) qy (As w) xy (As b) c c
c. In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (0) xy (As b) c c
d. AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (Al w) xy (Al b)c c
e.
c c
f. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (0) xy (Al b) c c
g.
c c
h. AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlGaAs : xx
(Al w) xz (al b) qy (In w) xz (0)c c
i. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaInAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (Al b) xy (Ga b) c c
j. In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)
:xx(As w),xz(As, b),qy(In w),xy(In b)c c
k. InGaAs/InGaAsP/GaAs: xx (In
w), (0), xz(Ga w) xy (As b) c 2.
Input the energy gap,temperature, barrier band edges(both bands) c Ex:
eg,temp,ec,ev
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.4 0.0E+00 0.3 0.2 8D0 3.329233 0.635d0 1.968 300
0.1074 0.1995 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 3.
Input the ist level sub-band energy levels. c c Ex:
ec1,eh1,el1
c c
c c 4.
Input the material loss, reflectivities, number of quantum c c
wells and beta(for spontaneous emission). c c Ex:
alpha,r1,r2,mm,beta. c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.00962 0.01262 0.01137 0.07437 0.04123 0.09212 2.0d0
0.300 0.300 1
5.D-5 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 5.
Input the cavity length, ridge width, internal efficiency c c
Auger, strain(except AlGaAs,put 0) and confinement factor. c c Ex:
cl,cw,etha,ca,es,confine c c
c c 6.
Input the cladding composition and band edges. c c Ex:
cxz,cxy,ecc,evv
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 500.D-4
5.0D-4 0.97 1.00d-29
0.0027 0.03028 0.0
0.5 0.195 0.362 |
b) The steps for these
calculations mentioned are listed in Table C.5.7
Table
C.5.7. The steps for the gain and threshold current density calculations
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 5 THE INPUT FILE NAME= RED2 SELECT MATERIAL=? 1--AlGaAs 2--InGaAsP 3--In1-zGazAs/InGaAsP/InP 4-- InGaAlAs 5--GaInP/AlzGawIn1-z-wP/Al0.5In0.5P 6-- InxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs 7--In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/GaxIn1-xP(X=0.51)
MATCHED TO GaAs 8--AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP 10-- InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsSb 11--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsSb 12--In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs 13--InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT SELECTION 5 INPUT MODE = ? FOR TE--> MODE =1, FOR
TM--> MODE =2 INPUT TE OR TM ? 1 IF EL1 BELOW EH1 THEN SELECT 1, OTHERWISE
SELECT 2 SELECTION=? 1
************************************************** CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE MASS
************************************************** FOR QUASI-FERMI LEVEL SELECT=1, FOR READ EXISTING QUASI-FERMI LEVEL
SELECT=2 SELECT=? 1 ………. J(LEAKAGE)=0.235638D+05 A/cm^2 N=0.792080D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.238799D+05 A/cm^2 N=0.794060D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.241994D+05 A/cm^2 N=0.796040D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.245222D+05 A/cm^2 N=0.798020D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.248484D+05 A/cm^2 N=0.800000D+19 1/cm^3
************************************************** G(J) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL Go=0.279835D+02 1/cm Jo=0.595524D+03 A/cm^2 G(N) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL NGo=0.924158D+03 1/cm XNo=0.213935D+19 1/cm^3 Jtr=0.219081D+03 A/cm^2 NTR=0.787022D+18 1/cm^3 THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL FOLLOWS
THE ARTICLE BY McIlory et al. IEEE JQE-21 1985. THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL Nopt
= 1 INPUT Nopt(CAN BE DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE
CALCULATION)=? 1 NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL(MAY OR MAY NOT BE
Nopt)=? 1
**************************************************
************************************************** 1ST CHECK USE SINGLE WELL TIMES # OF WELLS **************************************************
************************************************** 2ND CHECK FOLLOWS FORMULA BY McIlory IN
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONIC QE-21 1985.
************************************************** Gth=
26.0795 1/cm Nth=0.206015D+19 1/cm^3 IY= 100 1ST CHECK Jth= 559.67770378 A/cm^2 2ND CHECK Jth= 613.94244 A/cm^2 1ST CHECK Ith=0.139919D+02 mA NUMBER OF
WELLS= 1 2ND CHECK Ith=0.153486D+02 mA ************************************************** CALCULATE THE P-I RELATION NDATA= 301
************************************************** CALCULATE THE SLOPE: mW/mA Y=A+BX CONSTANT A= -12.2471182 SLOPE B=
0.8752979
************************************************** INPUT POWER INPUT 0 INPUT 1 FOR THE DYNAMIC CALCULATION. 2 FOR
SKIP INPUT = 2 K-FACTOR= 0.23795 nS MAXIUM FREQ.= 37.3426 GHz
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.0908
0.00389 3E18 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) gl3
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) glm3 INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) ge3
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) gem3
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.0332
-0.0289 1E18 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) gl1
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) glm1 INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) ge1
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) gem1
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1
************************************************** INPUT
1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.132
0.0214 5E18 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) gl5
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) glm5 INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) ge5
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) gem5
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 3 ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 7 |
c) The Output
characteristics of designed laser from step 5 are summarized in Table C.5.7.
Table C.5.7 Characteristics
of the designed laser
Optimized number of QWs (Nopt) |
2 |
Number of QWs |
3 |
Slope efficiency (%) |
21.84 |
Jth (A/cm^2) |
560
- 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 614
– 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Ith (mA) |
14.0
mA - 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 15.3
mA - 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Peak l at operating temperature (um) |
631 nm for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 631 nm for carrier density of 5.0E18 /cm3 |
Peak material gain (1/cm) |
3152 /cm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 4808 /cm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 |
Fig. C.5.5. L-I curve of the laser
Fig.
C.5.6. Optical gain-l curve of the laser
Fig.
C.5.7. Mode gain as a function of current density (J)
This is a
simulation of a five-layer laser structure that contains a single compressively
strained quantum well (QW), two separated confinement heterostructure (SCH)
layers, and two cladding layers as shown in Fig. C.6.1.
Figure C.6.6. Energy band diagram for the single quantum well structure
The first step of the GAIN program is to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges of the each layer.
The user is asked to enter the photoluminescence wavelength, thickness, and
strain of the QW, SCH, and cladding layers. After these parameters are input,
the GAIN program generates two output files: cbandeg.dat and vbandeg.dat,
containing the material compositions, and the conduction band edges and valence
band edges respectively. The detailed explanation is provided in Chapter 2 of
this manual.
a) The input parameters to the GAIN program in this step are listed in Table.
C.6.1.
Table C.6.1. Input parameters to the GAIN program in
this step.
Layer |
l (um) |
Strain |
Thickness (Ǻ) |
QW (InxGa1-xAs1-y) |
1.06 |
-0.0119285 |
90 |
SCH (AlxGa1-xAs1-y) |
0.871 |
- |
100 |
Cladding (AlxGa1-xAs1-y) |
0.6665 |
- |
100 |
b) The steps in using the GAIN program to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges are listed in Table
C.6.2
Table C.6.2. Steps to run
the GAIN program for necessary parameters.
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 1 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched
InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 6 INPUT THE LAYER # FOR GRIN STRUCTURE(STEP) STEP N= 2 INPUT THE WELL WAVELENGTH (um) 1.06 INPUT THE BARRIER WAVELENGTH (um) 0.871 INPUT THE CLADDING WAVELENGTH (um) 0.6665 BANDGAP ENERGY OF QUANTUM WELL= 1.16981132075472 eV INPUT CLADDING, BARRIER,QUANTUM WELL WIDTH
(A) 100
100 90 STRAIN FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs IS -1.192854285325509E-002 WRITE CONDUCTION BAND PARAMETERS INTO
CBANDEG.DAT WRITE INPUT 1 FOR NEW CALCULATION, 2 FOR EXIT I= ? 2 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 14 THIS PROGRAM STOP HERE!, BACK TO MAIN PAGE |
c) The output files, cbandeg.dat and
vbandeg.dat are explained in Table C.6.3.
Table C.6.3. Material compositions and band offsets:
a)
cbandeg.dat for conduction band
************************************************************************ QW
strain lattice constant
-.119285E-01 0.572074E-09 material
compositions(see Table C.6.1 for x and y) layer
thickness, x y conduction band edges
0.10000000E+03
0.35001212E+00
0.0000000 0.4143923 cladding layer
0.10000000E+03
0.00000000E+00
0.0000000 0.1525132 SCH layer 0.90000000E+02 0.16650773E+00 0.0000000 0.0779318 quantum well
0.10000000E+03
0.00000000E+00
0.0000000 0.1525132 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03
0.35001212E+00
0.0000000 0.4143923 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
b) vbandeg.dat for valence
band
****************************************************
******************** QW
strain lattice constant -.119285E-01
0.572074E-09 material
compositions(see Table C.6.1 for x and y) layer
thickness, x y valence band edges
0.10000000E+03
0.35001212E+00
0.0000000 -0.2762615 cladding layer
0.10000000E+03
0.00000000E+00 0.0000000 -0.1016755 SCH layer
0.90000000E+02
0.16650773E+00
0.0000000 -0.0389659 quantum well
0.10000000E+03
0.00000000E+00
0.0000000 -0.1016755 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03
0.35001212E+00
0.0000000 -0.2762615 cladding
layer ************************************************************************ |
After the calculation of the material
compositions and energy band edges, the GAIN program calculates energy levels
in the conduction band and valence bands. The detailed explanations are
discussed in Chapter 3 of this manual.
a) The steps of how to calculate the energy
levels are shown in Table C.6.4.
Table C.6.4. Steps to
calculate the energy levels
i) Steps to calculate the conduction
band energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF
CONDUCTION BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 2 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE LOWEST POTENTIAL LAYER(1st
Q-WELL) IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER LAYER OF
STRUCTURE ICR= 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-y)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 6 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.103971205206E+00 ERROR= .2196720E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.160339839908E+00 ERROR= .4536506E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.188593940032E+00 ERROR= .1502184E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.216772324699E+00 ERROR= .1762640E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.274768762405E+00 ERROR= .2171751E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.325125329658E+00 ERROR= .2457422E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.391898735270E+00 ERROR= .3003635E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE 0.103971205206E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.30876860E-04 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.77269958E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.84539833E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.77269958E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.30876860E-04 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.160339839908E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb2.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.17971109E-02 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER =
0.34495801E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.30648976E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.34495801E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.17971109E-02 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
ii) Steps to calculate the
heavy hole energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY
HOLE BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 3 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 6 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.276161746518E+00 ERROR= .3213873E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.249003066242E+00 ERROR= .3486414E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.228161537631E+00 ERROR= .4497189E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.203092263186E+00 ERROR= .5310731E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.180916942916E+00 ERROR= .3511095E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.165761178280E+00 ERROR= .4162485E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.143069425545E+00 ERROR= .4250671E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.133410067391E+00 ERROR= .3870578E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.118223143065E+00 ERROR= .4899315E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.110268204173E+00 ERROR= .1851366E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.105757454777E+00 ERROR= .1558283E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.699260205944E-01 ERROR= .1407043E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.320975532071E-01 ERROR= .1616452E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.777880626765E-02 ERROR= .2132668E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.777880626765E-02 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.10519999E-10 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.76950168E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.98460997E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.76950168E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.10519999E-10 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.320975532071E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh2.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.54106617E-09 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER =
0.33991734E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.93201653E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.33991734E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.54106617E-09 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
iii) Steps to calculate the
light hole energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT
HOLE BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 4 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 6 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.241668303016E+00 ERROR= .4759339E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.204240716400E+00 ERROR= .3625060E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.163104914064E+00 ERROR= .6006058E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.133943830987E+00 ERROR= .3084882E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.117111299716E+00 ERROR= .1442205E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.914197602868E-01 ERROR= .2400351E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.914197602868E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.29896156E-03 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.15044882E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.69850443E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.15044882E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.29896156E-03 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.117111299716E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh2.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.47451492E-02 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.42827779E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.13395411E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.42827779E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.47451492E-02 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
b) The main output file from this part of
GAIN program is energy.dat, containing all the energy levels as shown in Table
C.6.5. After the energy eigen values are calculated, the GAIN program asks the
user whether he would like to check the wave envelope function or not. We
suggest that the user check the wave envelope functions of the first and second
energy levels for conduction, heavy hole and light-hole bands. The plots of the
envelope functions are shown in Fig. C.6.2, Fig. C.6.3, Fig C.6.4.
Table C.6.5. output file
energy.dat
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.103971205206E+00
ERROR= .2196720E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.160339839908E+00
ERROR= .4536506E-14
………….
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.320975532071E-01 ERROR= .1616452E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.777880626765E-02 ERROR= .2132668E-14
………….. LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.117111299716E+00 ERROR= .1442205E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.914197602868E-01 ERROR= .2400351E-14 |
Fig. C.6.2. Wave envelope functions for energy
levels in conduction band
Fig. C.6.3. Wave envelope functions for heavy hole
energy levels
Fig. C.6.4. Wave envelope functions for light hole
energy levels
This is the last step of simulations using
the GAIN program. With the previous calculated material composition, energy
band edges, energy levels, and other parameters like material loss and Auger
coefficient, the GAIN program can simulate the threshold current, threshold
current density, slope efficiency, optical gain and mode gain as functions of
wavelengths and photon energies, and L-I curve. The details are explained in
Chapter 4 of the manual.
In this part of GAIN program, the input file
needs to be constructed with the results of the previous steps and according to
the laser design. The input file of material #6 is shown in Table C.6.6. The
detailed steps of simulations are listed in Table C.6.7. The main output files:
L-I curve, optical gain as a function of
the wavelength, and mode gain vs. current density are plotted in Fig.
C.6.5, Fig. C.6.6, and Fig. C.6.7.
a) The input file:
Table C.6.6. Input file
(mat_13.txt) for gain and threshold current calculation
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 1.
Input the compositions, width of well, effective index c c and
lasing wavelength.
c c Ex:
xx,xz,qy,xy,lx,n,lam
c c for
different materials the following are the forms of inputs. c c
c c w --
> well, b -- > barrier cxz and
cxy for cladding. c c
c c
a. AlxGa1-xAs : xx (Al w) xz
(Al b) qy (0) xy (0) c c
b. In1-xGaxAsyP1-y : xx (Ga w)
xz (Ga b) qy (As w) xy (As b)
c c
c. In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (0) xy (As b)
c c
d. AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (Al w) xy (Al b)
c c
e.
c c f. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs : xx (In w) xz (0) qy (0)
xy (Al b) c c
g.
c c
h. AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlGaAs : xx
(Al w) xz (al b) qy (In w) xz (0)
c c
i. In1-xGaxAs/AlGaInAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (Al b) xy (Ga b)
c c
j. In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)
:xx(As w),xz(As, b),qy(In w),xy(In b) c c
k. InGaAs/InGaAsP/GaAs: xx (In
w), (0), xz(Ga w) xy (As b) c 2.
Input the energy gap,temperature, barrier band edges(both bands) c Ex:
eg,temp,ec,ev
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.16650773E+00
0.0 0.0 0.0 9 3.33 0.975 1.1698 298 0.1525132 0.1016755 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 3.
Input the ist level sub-band energy levels.
c c Ex:
ec1,eh1,el1
c c
c c 4.
Input the material loss, reflectivities, number of quantum c c
wells and beta(for spontaneous emission).
c c Ex:
alpha,r1,r2,mm,beta.
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.103971
0.0077788 0.09141976 0.16034 0.03209756 0.1171113 6.0d0
0.3000 0.300 1 5.D-5 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 5.
Input the cavity length, ridge width, internal efficiency c c
Auger, strain(except AlGaAs,put 0) and confinement factor. c c Ex:
cl,cw,etha,ca,es,confine
c c
c c 6.
Input the cladding composition and band edges. c c Ex:
cxz,cxy,ecc,evv
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 1000.D-4
4.0D-4 0.86 1.00d-29 0.000 0.018 0.35001212
0.0 0.4143923 0.2762615 |
b) The steps for these
calculations mentioned are listed in Table C.6.7
Table
C.6.7. The steps for the gain and threshold current density calculations
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 5 THE INPUT FILE NAME= mat_6.tex SELECT MATERIAL=? 1--AlGaAs 2--InGaAsP 3--In1-zGazAs/InGaAsP/InP 4-- InGaAlAs 5--GaInP/AlzGawIn1-z-wP/Al0.5In0.5P 6-- InxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs 7--In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/GaxIn1-xP(X=0.51)
MATCHED TO GaAs 8--AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP 10-- InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsSb 11--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsSb 12--In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs 13--InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT SELECTION 6 INPUT MODE = ? FOR TE--> MODE =1, FOR
TM--> MODE =2 INPUT TE OR TM ? 1 IF EL1 BELOW EH1 THEN SELECT 1, OTHERWISE
SELECT 2 SELECTION=? 1
************************************************** CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE MASS
************************************************** FOR QUASI-FERMI LEVEL SELECT=1, FOR READ EXISTING QUASI-FERMI LEVEL
SELECT=2 SELECT=? 1 ………. J(LEAKAGE)=0.274159D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.780201D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.280129D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.782180D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.286204D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.784160D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.292386D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.786140D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.298675D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.788120D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.305072D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.790100D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.311578D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.792080D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.318195D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.794060D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.324922D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.796040D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.331761D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.798020D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.338712D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.800000D+19 1/cm^3
************************************************** G(J) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL Go=0.348368D+02 1/cm Jo=0.261496D+03 A/cm^2 G(N) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL NGo=0.193538D+04 1/cm XNo=0.134737D+19 1/cm^3 Jtr=0.961992D+02 A/cm^2 NTR=0.495669D+18 1/cm^3 THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL FOLLOWS
THE ARTICLE BY McIlory et al. IEEE JQE-21 1985. THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL Nopt
= 1 INPUT Nopt(CAN BE DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE
CALCULATION)=? 1 NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL(MAY OR MAY NOT BE
Nopt)=? 1
**************************************************
************************************************** 1ST CHECK USE SINGLE WELL TIMES # OF WELLS
**************************************************
************************************************** 2ND CHECK FOLLOWS FORMULA BY McIlory IN
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONIC QE-21 1985. ************************************************** Gth=
18.0397 1/cm Nth=0.753383D+18 1/cm^3 IY= 34 1ST CHECK Jth= 152.41859383 A/cm^2 2ND CHECK Jth= 304.06565 A/cm^2 1ST CHECK Ith=0.609674D+01 mA NUMBER OF
WELLS= 1 2ND CHECK Ith=0.121626D+02 mA ************************************************** CALCULATE THE P-I RELATION NDATA= 367
************************************************** CALCULATE THE SLOPE: mW/mA Y=A+BX CONSTANT A=
-3.2295952 SLOPE B= 0.3609355 ************************************************** INPUT POWER INPUT 0 INPUT 1 FOR THE DYNAMIC CALCULATION. 2 FOR
SKIP INPUT = 2 K-FACTOR= 0.25787 nS MAXIUM FREQ.= 34.4582 GHz
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT
FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND CARRIER DENSITY 0.196827942412E+00
0.314112077552E-02 0.200075187970E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol1_mat6
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml1_mat6 INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe1_mat6
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me1_mat6 ************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT
FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND CARRIER DENSITY 0.232657297045E+00
0.168447625974E-01 0.299072681704E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol2_mat6
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml2_mat6 INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe2_mat6
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me2_mat6
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 3 ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 7 |
c) The Output
characteristics of designed laser from step 5 are summarized in Table C.6.7.
Table C.6.7 Characteristics
of the designed laser
Optimized number of QWs (Nopt) |
1 |
Number of QWs |
1 |
Slope efficiency (%) |
36.12 |
Jth (A/cm^2) |
152.42
- 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 304.07 - 2nd check, using McIlory
method |
Peak l at operating temperature (um) |
0.973 um for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 0.974 um for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 |
Peak material gain (1/cm) |
2724/cm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 3472 /cm for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 |
|
|
Fig.
C.6.5. L-I curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.6.6. Optical gain-l curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.6.7. Mode gain as a function of current density (J)
This is a
simulation of a five-layer laser structure that contains a single quantum well
(QW), two separated confinement heterostructure (SCH) layers, and two cladding
layers as shown in Fig. C.8.1.
Figure C.8.7. Energy band diagram for the simple quantum well structure
The first step of the GAIN program is to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges of the each layer.
The user is asked to enter the photoluminescence wavelength, thickness, and
strain of the QW, SCH, and cladding layers. After these parameters are input,
the GAIN program generates two output files: cbandeg.dat and vbandeg.dat,
containing the material compositions, and the conduction band edges and valence
band edges respectively. The detailed explanation is provided in Chapter 2 of
this manual.
a) The input parameters to the GAIN program in this step is listed in Table.
C.8.1.
Table C.4.1.
Input parameters to the GAIN program in this step.
Layer |
l (um) |
Strain |
Thickness (Ǻ) |
QW (AlyInxGa1-x-yAs) |
0.9397 |
-0.016 |
70 |
SCH (AlzGa1-zAs) |
0.74101 |
|
100 |
Cladding (AlzGa1-zAs) |
0.56 |
|
1000 |
b) The steps in using the GAIN program to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges are listed in Table
C.8.2
Table C.8.2. steps to run
the GAIN program for necessary parameters.
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 1 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 8 INPUT THE LAYER # FOR GRIN STRUCTURE(STEP) STEP N= 2 INPUT THE WELL WAVELENGTH (um) 0.9397 INPUT THE BARRIER WAVELENGTH (um) 0.74101 INPUT THE CLADDING WAVELENGTH (um) 0.56 BANDGAP ENERGY OF QUANTUM WELL= 1.31957007555603 eV INPUT
CLADDING, BARRIER,QUANTUM WELL WIDTH (A) 1000 100 70 CALCULATE
AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs INPUT STRAIN -0.016 WELL LATTICE = 5.74375727038792 BARRIER LATTICE = 5.65485994822169 STRAIN =
-1.572051703847871E-002 WRITE CONDUCTION BAND PARAMETERS INTO
CBANDEG.DAT WRITE INPUT 1 FOR NEW CALCULATION, 2 FOR EXIT I= ? 2 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched
InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 14 THIS PROGRAM STOP HERE!, BACK TO MAIN PAGE |
c) The output files, cbandeg.dat and
vbandeg.dat are explained in Table C.8.3.
Table C.8.3. Material
compositions and band offsets:
a) cbandeg.dat for conduction band
************************************************************************ QW
strain lattice constant
-.157205E-01 0.574376E-09 material
compositions layer
thickness, Al(barrier)In (qw) Al(qw)
conduction band edges
0.10000000E+04
0.61015643E+00
0.0000000 0.6084067 cladding layer
0.10000000E+03
0.19999336E+00
0.0000000 0.2405987 SCH layer
0.70000000E+02
0.22040026E+00
0.1504008 0.0964814 quantum well
0.10000000E+03
0.19999336E+00
0.0000000 0.2405987 SCH layer
0.10000000E+04
0.61015643E+00
0.0000000 0.6084067 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
b) vbandeg.dat for valence
band
****************************************************
******************** QW
strain lattice constant -.157205E-01
0.574376E-09 material
compositions layer
thickness, Al(barrier)In (qw) Al(qw)
valence band edges
0.10000000E+04 0.61015643E+00 0.0000000 -0.2863090 cladding layer
0.10000000E+03
0.19999336E+00
0.0000000 -0.1132229 SCH layer
0.70000000E+02
0.22040026E+00
0.1504008 -0.0482407 quantum well
0.10000000E+03
0.19999336E+00 0.0000000 -0.1132229 SCH layer
0.10000000E+04
0.61015643E+00
0.0000000 -0.2863090 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
After the calculation of the material
compositions and energy band edges, the GAIN program calculates energy levels
in the conduction band and valence bands. The detailed explanations are
discussed in Chapter 3 of this manual.
a) The steps of how to calculate the energy
levels are shown in Table C.8.4.
Table C.8.4. Steps to
calculate the energy levels
i) Steps to calculate the
conduction band energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 2 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE LOWEST POTENTIAL LAYER(1st
Q-WELL) IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER LAYER OF
STRUCTURE ICR= 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-y)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 8 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.138709276765E+00 ERROR= .4799291E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.232901930540E+00 ERROR= .6412287E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.276726767247E+00 ERROR= .3711948E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.303014125323E+00 ERROR= .1551081E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.367974646637E+00 ERROR= .1433712E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.425273029859E+00 ERROR= .1640863E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.501513800567E+00 ERROR= .2646723E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.583662116165E+00 ERROR= .1561274E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.138709276765E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE ce1.dat CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.21621179E-05 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.54850032E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.89029561E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.54850032E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.21621179E-05 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.232901930540E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE ce2.dat CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.41673581E-03 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.29132209E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.41652235E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.29132209E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.41673581E-03 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
ii) Steps to calculate the
heavy hole energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 3 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT
THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 8 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.284385739775E+00 ERROR= .1839577E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.255905460776E+00 ERROR= .2322763E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.234841860479E+00 ERROR= .2272918E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.206302710392E+00 ERROR= .4324053E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.187763267853E+00 ERROR= .5809361E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.168383437529E+00 ERROR= .2956487E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.149353291457E+00 ERROR= .5093768E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.140222438643E+00 ERROR= .2070569E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.123256448240E+00 ERROR= .3857883E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.120525810269E+00 ERROR= .2284583E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.969071742920E-01 ERROR= .2454913E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.453040076948E-01 ERROR= .1799212E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.972318690802E-02 ERROR= .2326139E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.972318690802E-02 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hhe1.dat CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.63895895E-11 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2
th LAYER = 0.11454696E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.97709061E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.11454696E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.63895895E-11 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.649012884792E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hhe2.dat CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.99899806E-09 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.52677815E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.89464437E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.52677815E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.99899806E-09 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
iii) Steps to calculate the
light hole energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 4 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 8 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.269466833989E+00 ERROR= .5288152E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.226547460437E+00 ERROR= .5259840E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.186071818477E+00 ERROR= .2292515E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.151389428652E+00 ERROR= .1780460E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.131943108468E+00 ERROR= .2798805E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.110796843027E+00 ERROR= .2434081E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.110796843027E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lhe1.dat CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.70421019E-03 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.22417666E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.55023826E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.22417666E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.70421019E-03 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.131943108468E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lhe2.dat CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.59278096E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.45844574E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.71252902E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.45844574E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.59278096E-02 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
b) The main output file from this part of
GAIN program is energy.dat, containing all the energy levels as shown in Table
C.8.5. After the energy eigen values are calculated, the GAIN program asks the
user whether he would like to check the wave envelope function or not. We
suggest that the user check the wave envelope functions of the first and second
energy levels for conduction and valence bands. The plots of the envelope
functions are shown in Fig. C.8.2, Fig. C.8.3, Fig C.8.4.
Table C.8.5. output file
energy.dat
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.138709276765E+00
ERROR= .4799291E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.232901930540E+00
ERROR= .6412287E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.276726767247E+00
ERROR= .3711948E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.303014125323E+00
ERROR= .1551081E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.367974646637E+00
ERROR= .1433712E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.425273029859E+00
ERROR= .1640863E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.501513800567E+00
ERROR= .2646723E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.583662116165E+00
ERROR= .1561274E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.284385739775E+00 ERROR= .1839577E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.255905460776E+00 ERROR= .2322763E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.234841860479E+00 ERROR= .2272918E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.206302710392E+00 ERROR= .4324053E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.187763267853E+00 ERROR= .5809361E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.168383437529E+00 ERROR= .2956487E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.149353291457E+00 ERROR= .5093768E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.140222438643E+00 ERROR= .2070569E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.123256448240E+00 ERROR= .3857883E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.120525810269E+00 ERROR= .2284583E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.969071742920E-01 ERROR= .2454913E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.453040076948E-01 ERROR= .1799212E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.972318690802E-02 ERROR= .2326139E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.269466833989E+00 ERROR= .5288152E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.226547460437E+00 ERROR= .5259840E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.186071818477E+00 ERROR= .2292515E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.151389428652E+00 ERROR= .1780460E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.131943108468E+00 ERROR= .2798805E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.110796843027E+00 ERROR= .2434081E-14 |
|
|
Fig. C.8.2. Wave envelop
functions for energy levels in conduction band |
Fig. C.8.3. Wave envelop
functions for heavy hole energy levels |
Fig. C.8.4. Wave envelop
functions for light hole energy levels
This is the last step of simulations using
the GAIN program. With the previous calculated material composition, energy
band edges, energy levels, and other parameters like material loss and Auger
coefficient, the GAIN program can simulate the threshold current, threshold
current density, slope efficiency, optical gain and mode gain as functions of
wavelengths and photo energies, and L-I curve. The details are explained in Chapter
4 of the manual.
In this part of GAIN program, the input file
needs to be constructed with the results of the previous steps and according to
the laser design. In this example, single quantum well structure is used. For
the three-quantum-well laser with a ridge length of 425 µm and ridge width of 3
µm, the input file is shown in Table C.8.6. The detailed steps of simulations
are listed in Table C.8.7. The main output files: L-I curve, optical gain as a
function of the wavelength, and mode gain vs. current density are plotted in
Fig. C.8.5, Fig. C.8.6, and Fig. C.8.7.
a) The input file:
Table C.8.6. Input file for
gain and threshold current calculation
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 1.
Input the compositions, width of well, effective index c c and
lasing wavelength. c c Ex:
xx,xz,qy,xy,lx,n,lam c c for
different materials the following are the forms of inputs. c c
c c w --
> well, b -- > barrier cxz and
cxy for cladding. c c
c c
a. AlxGa1-xAs : xx (Al w) xz
(Al b) qy (0) xy (0) c c
b. In1-xGaxAsyP1-y : xx (Ga w)
xz (Ga b) qy (As w) xy (As b) c c
c. In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (0) xy (As b) c c
d. AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (Al w) xy (Al b)c c
e.
c c
f. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (0) xy (Al b) c c
g.
c c
h. AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlGaAs : xx
(Al w) xz (al b) qy (In w) xz (0)c c
i. In1-xGaxAs/AlGaInAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (Al b) xy (Ga b) c c
j. In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)
:xx(As w),xz(As, b),qy(In w),xy(In b)c c
k. InGaAs/InGaAsP/GaAs: xx (In
w), (0), xz(Ga w) xy (As b) c 2.
Input the energy gap,temperature, barrier band edges(both bands) c Ex:
eg,temp,ec,ev
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.22040026E+00 0.19999336E+00 0.1504008
0.0000 7.0 3.2567 0.8500d0 1.31957 298
0.2405987 0.1132229 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 3.
Input the ist level sub-band energy levels. c c Ex:
ec1,eh1,el1 c c
c c 4.
Input the material loss, reflectivities, number of quantum c c
wells and beta(for spontaneous emission). c c Ex:
alpha,r1,r2,mm,beta. c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.138709276765E+00
0.972318690802E-02
0.110796843027E+00
0.232901930540E+00
0.453040076948E-01 1 3.0d0 0.996
0.9994 1
5.D-5cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 5.
Input the cavity length, ridge width, internal efficiency c c
Auger, strain(except AlGaAs,put 0) and confinement factor. c c Ex:
cl,cw,etha,ca,es,confine c c
c c 6.
Input the cladding composition and band edges. c c Ex:
cxz,cxy,ecc,evv
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 425.D-4
3.0D-4 0.90 1.00d-29
0.016 0.977 0.61015643E+00
0.00 0.6084067 0.2863090 |
b) The steps for these
calculations mentioned are listed in Table C.4.7
Table
C.8.7. The steps for the gain and threshold current density calculations
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 5 THE INPUT FILE NAME= 2schsqwalingaas85.tex SELECT MATERIAL=? 1--AlGaAs 2--InGaAsP 3--In1-zGazAs/InGaAsP/InP 4-- InGaAlAs 5--GaInP/AlzGawIn1-z-wP/Al0.5In0.5P 6-- InxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs 7--In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/GaxIn1-xP(X=0.51)
MATCHED TO GaAs 8--AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP 10-- InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsSb 11--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsSb 12--In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs 13--InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT SELECTION 8 INPUT MODE = ? FOR TE--> MODE =1, FOR
TM--> MODE =2 INPUT TE OR TM ? 1 IF EL1 BELOW EH1 THEN SELECT 1, OTHERWISE
SELECT 2 SELECTION=? 1
************************************************** CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE MASS
************************************************** FOR QUASI-FERMI LEVEL SELECT=1, FOR READ EXISTING QUASI-FERMI LEVEL
SELECT=2 SELECT=? 1 J(LEAKAGE)=0.282088D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.239674D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.288770D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.241654D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.295579D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.243634D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.302516D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.245614D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.309583D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.247594D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.316783D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.249574D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.324116D-01 A/cm^2 N=0.251554D+19 1/cm^3 ………. J(LEAKAGE)=0.377958D+01
A/cm^2 N=0.786140D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.384091D+01 A/cm^2 N=0.788120D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.390322D+01 A/cm^2 N=0.790100D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.396654D+01 A/cm^2 N=0.792080D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.403088D+01 A/cm^2 N=0.794060D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.409626D+01 A/cm^2 N=0.796040D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.416269D+01 A/cm^2 N=0.798020D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.423019D+01 A/cm^2 N=0.800000D+19 1/cm^3 **************************************************
G(J) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL Go=0.195832D+04 1/cm Jo=0.338688D+03 A/cm^2 G(N) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL NGo=0.200442D+04 1/cm XNo=0.162456D+19 1/cm^3 Jtr=0.124596D+03 A/cm^2 NTR=0.597643D+18 1/cm^3 THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL FOLLOWS
THE ARTICLE BY McIlory et al. IEEE JQE-21 1985. THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL Nopt
= 1 INPUT Nopt(CAN BE DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE CALCULATION)=? 1 NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL(MAY OR MAY NOT BE
Nopt)=? 1 ************************************************** ************************************************** 1ST CHECK USE SINGLE WELL TIMES # OF WELLS ************************************************** ************************************************** 2ND CHECK FOLLOWS FORMULA BY McIlory IN IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONIC QE-21 1985. ************************************************** Gth=
3.0542 1/cm Nth=0.456391D+18 1/cm^3 IY= 19 1ST CHECK Jth= 93.18144132 A/cm^2 2ND CHECK Jth= 376.31987 A/cm^2 1ST CHECK Ith=0.118806D+01 mA NUMBER OF
WELLS= 1 2ND CHECK Ith=0.479808D+01 mA ************************************************** CALCULATE
THE P-I RELATION NDATA= 382 ************************************************** CALCULATE THE SLOPE: mW/mA Y=A+BX CONSTANT A=
-0.0238953 SLOPE B= 0.0201129 ************************************************** INPUT POWER INPUT 0 INPUT 1 FOR THE DYNAMIC CALCULATION. 2 FOR
SKIP INPUT = 2 K-FACTOR= 1.46476 nS MAXIUM FREQ.= 6.0663 GHz
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.240516079684E+00
0.192582838033E-02 0.301052631579E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E) COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol1.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml1.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe1.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me1.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.292773620684
-0.223794117473E-01 0.301052631579E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol2.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml2.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe2.txt ************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me2.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 3 ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 7 |
c) The Output
characteristics of designed laser from step 5 are summarized in Table C.8.7.
Table C.8.7 Characteristics
of the designed laser
Optimized number of QWs (Nopt) |
1 |
Number of QWs |
1 |
Slope efficiency (%) |
2.01 |
Jth (A/cm^2) |
93.18-
1st check, for matching threshold conditions 376.32
– 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Ith (mA) |
1.188mA
- 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 4.798
mA - 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Peak l at operating temperature (um) |
0.84699um for carrier density of 1.0E18 /cm3 0.8512um for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 |
Peak material gain (1/cm) |
1481/cm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 3518/cm for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 |
|
|
Fig.
C.8.5. L-I curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.8.6. Optical gain-l curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.8.7. Mode gain as a function of current density (J)
This is a
simulation of a five-layer laser structure that contains a single quantum well
(QW), two separated confinement heterostructure (SCH) layers, and two cladding
layers as shown in Fig. C.9.1.
Figure C.9.8. Energy band diagram for the single quantum well structure
The first step of the GAIN program is to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges of each layer. The
user is asked to enter the photoluminescence wavelength, thickness, and strain
of the QW, SCH, and cladding layers. After these parameters are input, the GAIN
program generates two output files: cbandeg.dat and vbandeg.dat, containing the
material compositions, and the conduction band edges and valence band edges
respectively. The detailed explanation is provided in Chapter 2 of this manual.
a) The input parameters to the GAIN program in this step is listed in Table.
C.9.1. The substrate is InP.
Table
C.9.1. Input parameters to the GAIN program in this step.
Layer |
l (um) |
Strain |
Thickness (Ǻ) |
QW (InxGa1-xAs) |
1.51 |
5.1231E-003 |
150 |
SCH (AlxGayIn1-x-yAs) |
1.28 |
- |
1500 |
Cladding (AlxGayIn1-x-yAs) |
0.83 |
- |
380 |
b) The steps in using the GAIN program to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges are listed in Table
C.9.2
Table C.9.2. steps to run
the GAIN program for necessary parameters.
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 1 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched
InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 9 INPUT THE LAYER # FOR GRIN STRUCTURE(STEP) STEP N= 2 INPUT THE WELL WAVELENGTH (um) 1.51 INPUT THE BARRIER WAVELENGTH (um) 1.28 INPUT THE CLADDING WAVELENGTH (um) 0.83 BANDGAP ENERGY OF QUANTUM
WELL= 0.821192052980132 eV INPUT CLADDING, BARRIER,QUANTUM WELL WIDTH
(A) 380 1500 150 THE In(z)Ga(1-z)As/Al(y)Ga(x)In(1-x-y)As/InP
MATERIAL CALCULATE THE In(z)Ga(1-z)As QUANTUM WELL--Z FOR BARRIER IS LATTICE MATCHED SELECT
==>1 FOR BARRIER IS STRAIN COMPENSATED SELECT
==> 2 SELECTION IS ===> ? 1 X is Ga=
0.293367442525692 Y is
Al= 0.177652650765276 CHECK STRAIN= 5.123144425669000E-003 WRITE CONDUCTION BAND PARAMETERS INTO
CBANDEG.DAT WRITE INPUT 1 FOR NEW CALCULATION 2 FOR EXIT INPUT =? 2 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 14 THIS PROGRAM STOP HERE!, BACK TO MAIN PAGE |
c) The output files, cbandeg.dat and
vbandeg.dat are explained in Table C.9.3.
Table C.9.3. Material
compositions and band offsets:
a) cbandeg.dat for conduction band
************************************************************************ QW
strain lattice constant 0.512314E-02
0.583873E-09 material
compositions (see Table C.4.1 for x and y) layer thickness, x y conduction band edges
0.38000000E+03
0.00000000E+00
0.4806046 0.4844044 cladding layer
0.15000000E+04
0.29336744E+00
0.1776527 0.1062417 SCH layer 0.15000000E+03 0.45774735E+00 0.0000000 -0.0283436 quantum well
0.15000000E+04
0.29336744E+00
0.1776527 0.1062417 SCH layer
0.38000000E+03
0.00000000E+00
0.4806046 0.4844044 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
b) vbandeg.dat for valence
band
****************************************************
******************** QW
strain lattice constant 0.512314E-02
0.583873E-09 material compositions
(see Table C.4.1 for x and y) layer
thickness, x y valence band edges
0.38000000E+03
0.00000000E+00
0.4806046 -0.1883795 cladding layer
0.15000000E+04
0.29336744E+00
0.1776527 -0.0413162 SCH layer
0.15000000E+03
0.45774735E+00
0.0000000 0.0141718 quantum well
0.15000000E+04
0.29336744E+00
0.1776527 -0.0413162 SCH layer
0.38000000E+03 0.00000000E+00 0.4806046 -0.1883795 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
After the calculation of the material
compositions and energy band edges, the GAIN program calculates energy levels
in the conduction band and valence bands. The detailed explanations are
discussed in Chapter 3 of this manual.
a) The steps of how to calculate the energy
levels are shown in Table C.9.4.
Table C.9.4. Steps to
calculate the energy levels
i) Steps to calculate the
conduction band energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF
CONDUCTION BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 2 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE LOWEST POTENTIAL LAYER(1st Q-WELL)
IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER LAYER OF
STRUCTURE ICR= 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-y)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 9 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.992710047952E-02 ERROR= .3115362E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.441920512738E-01 ERROR= .2426294E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.106443501424E+00 ERROR= .4979896E-14
………………………….. FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.992710047952E-02 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.92691705E-62 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.19816721E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.96036656E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.19816721E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.92691705E-62 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT
THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.441920512738E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.23632038E-45 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.86213358E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.82757328E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.86213358E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.23632038E-45 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
ii) Steps to calculate the
heavy hole energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR
THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION BAND 3 FOR THE
ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE BAND 4 FOR
THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE BAND 5 FOR
THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR
RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL INCLUDED) 7 FOR
EXIT 3 INPUT THE
NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT
TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE
HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL) LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE
SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT
I=1 FOR AlGaAs
I=2 FOR InGaAsP
I=3 FOR
In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP
I=4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs
I=5 FOR
GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP
I=6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs)
I=8 FOR
AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP
I=10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP)
I=11 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x
I=12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
I=13 FOR InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I=
? ******************************************************* 9 ******************************************************* DOES THE
STRUCTURE STRAIN OR STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN
ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED INPUT 2 INPUT
SELECT = ? 1
………………………. ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.321196505162E-01 ERROR= .2209942E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.168788071783E-01 ERROR= .2462727E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.689461835889E-02 ERROR= .1860138E-14 FOR
CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT
I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE
EIGENVALUE EIGEN
VALUE= -0.689461835889E-02 INPUT THE
NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh1.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.50739096E-73 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER =
0.91099066E-02 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.98178019E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.91099066E-02 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.50739096E-73 INPUT NEW
EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE
EIGENVALUE EIGEN
VALUE= -0.168788071783E-01 INPUT THE
NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh2.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.19697388E-61 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER =
0.40620496E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.91875901E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.40620496E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.19697388E-61 INPUT NEW
EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
iii) Steps to calculate the
light hole energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR
THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION BAND 3 FOR
THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE BAND 5 FOR
THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR
RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL INCLUDED) 7 FOR
EXIT 4 INPUT THE
NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT
TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE
HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL) LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE
SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT
I=1 FOR AlGaAs
I=2 FOR InGaAsP
I=3 FOR
In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP
I=4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs
I=5 FOR
GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP
I=6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs
I=7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs)
I=8 FOR
AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP
I=10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP)
I=11 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x
I=12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
I=13 FOR InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I=
? ******************************************************* 9 ******************************************************* DOES THE
STRUCTURE STRAIN OR STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN
ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED INPUT 2 INPUT
SELECT = ? 1 ………………………….. ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.416760055833E-01 ERROR= .2632360E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.293879437609E-01 ERROR= .2884725E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.143716677955E-01
ERROR= .2231081E-14 FOR
CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT
I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE
EIGENVALUE EIGEN
VALUE= 0.143716677955E-01 INPUT THE
NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh1.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.12528826E-34 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER =
0.41196175E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.91760765E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.41196175E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.12528826E-34 INPUT NEW
EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE
EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.293879437609E-01 INPUT THE
NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh2.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.65284158E-17 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER =
0.22295907E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.55408185E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.22295907E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.65284158E-17 INPUT NEW
EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
b) The main output file from this part of
GAIN program is energy.dat, containing all the energy levels as shown in Table
C.9.5. After the energy eigen values are calculated, the GAIN program asks the
users whether they would like to check the wave envelope function or not. We
suggest that the user should check the wave envelope functions of the first and
second energy levels for conduction and valence bands. The plots of the
envelope functions are shown in Fig. C.9.2, Fig. C.9.3, Fig C.9.4.
Table C.9.5. Output file
energy.dat
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> -0.992710047952E-02 ERROR= .3115362E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.441920512738E-01
ERROR= .2426294E-14
………………
………………
……………… HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.168788071783E-01 ERROR= .2462727E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.689461835889E-02 ERROR= .1860138E-14
……………… ………………
………………
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.293879437609E-01 ERROR= .2884725E-14 LIGHT HOLE ENERGY===> 0.143716677955E-01 ERROR= .2231081E-14 |
Fig. C.9.2. Wave envelope
functions for energy levels in conduction band
Fig. C.9.3. Wave envelope
functions for heavy hole energy levels
Fig. C.9.4. Wave
envelope functions for light hole energy levels
This is the last step of simulations using
the GAIN program. With the previously calculated material composition, energy
band edges, energy levels; and other parameters like material loss and Auger
coefficient, the GAIN program can simulate the threshold current, threshold
current density, slope efficiency, optical gain and modal gain as functions of
wavelengths and photon energies, and also the L-I curve. The details are
explained in Chapter 4 of the manual.
In this part of the GAIN program, the input
file needs to be constructed with the results from the previous steps and
according to the laser design. In this example, single quantum well structure
is used to simulate a three-QW laser. For the three-quantum-well laser with a
ridge length of 750 µm and ridge width of 5 µm, the input file is shown in
Table C.9.6. The detailed steps of simulations are listed in Table C.9.7. The
main output files: L-I curve, optical gain as a function of the wavelength, and
mode gain vs. current density are plotted in Fig. C.9.5, Fig. C.9.6, and Fig.
C.9.7.
a) The input file:
Table C.9.6. Input file for
gain and threshold current calculation
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 1. Input the compositions,
width of well, effective index c c and lasing
wavelength. c c Ex:
xx,xz,qy,xy,lx,n,lam c c for different materials the
following are the forms of inputs. c c
c c w -- > well, b -- >
barrier cxz and cxy for cladding. c c
c c a. AlxGa1-xAs : xx (Al w) xz (Al b) qy (0) xy
(0) c c b. In1-xGaxAsyP1-y : xx (Ga w) xz (Ga b) qy
(As w) xy (As b) c c c. In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP : xx (Ga w) xz (Ga b) qy
(0) xy (As b) c c d. AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP : xx (Ga w) xz (Ga b)
qy (Al w) xy (Al b)c c e.
c c f. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs : xx (In w) xz (0) qy (0)
xy (Al b) c c g.
c c h. AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlGaAs : xx (Al w) xz (al
b) qy (In w) xz (0)c c i. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaInAs
: xx (In w) xz (0) qy (Al b) xy (Ga b) c c j. In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x) :xx(As w),xz(As,
b),qy(In w),xy(In b)c c k. InGaAs/InGaAsP/GaAs: xx (In w), (0), xz(Ga
w) xy (As b) c 2. Input the energy
gap,temperature, barrier band edges(both bands) c Ex: eg,temp,ec,ev c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.45774735 0.0 0.1776527
0.29336744 15.0 3.273915
1.55 0.82119205 298 0.1062417
0.0413162 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 3. Input the ist level
sub-band energy levels.
c c Ex: ec1,eh1,el1
c c
c c 4. Input the material loss,
reflectivities, number of quantum c c wells and beta(for
spontaneous emission).
c c Ex:
alpha,r1,r2,mm,beta. c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc -0.99271E-02 0.689462E-02 -0.143717E-01 0.44192E-01
0.168788E-01 0.29388E-01 3.0d0 0.30 0.30
1 5.D-5 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 5. Input the cavity length,
ridge width, internal efficiency c c Auger, strain(except
AlGaAs,put 0) and confinement factor.
c c Ex:
cl,cw,etha,ca,es,confine c c
c c 6. Input the cladding
composition and band edges.
c c Ex: cxz,cxy,ecc,evv
c ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 750.D-4 5D-4 0.96
1.00d-29 0.000 0.03050213 0.0 0.48 0.4844044
0.1883795 |
b) The steps for these
calculations mentioned are listed in Table C.9.7
Table
C.9.7. The steps for the gain and threshold current density calculations
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 5 THE INPUT FILE NAME= ms9in SELECT MATERIAL=? 1--AlGaAs 2--InGaAsP 3--In1-zGazAs/InGaAsP/InP 4-- InGaAlAs 5--GaInP/AlzGawIn1-z-wP/Al0.5In0.5P 6-- InxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs 7--In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/GaxIn1-xP(X=0.51)
MATCHED TO GaAs 8--AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP 10-- InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsSb 11--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsSb 12--In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs 13--InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT SELECTION 9 INPUT MODE = ? FOR TE--> MODE =1, FOR
TM--> MODE =2 INPUT TE OR TM ? 2 IF EL1 BELOW EH1 THEN SELECT 1, OTHERWISE
SELECT 2 SELECTION=? 2
************************************************** CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE MASS
************************************************** FOR QUASI-FERMI LEVEL SELECT=1, FOR READ EXISTING QUASI-FERMI LEVEL
SELECT=2 SELECT=? 1 ................. J(LEAKAGE)=0.421436D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.794060D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.428431D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.796040D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.435419D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.798020D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.442397D+04 A/cm^2 N=0.800000D+19 1/cm^3
************************************************** G(J) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL Go=0.747571D+01 1/cm Jo=0.117454D+03 A/cm^2 G(N) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL NGo=0.245088D+03 1/cm XNo=0.128797D+19 1/cm^3 Jtr=0.432090D+02 A/cm^2 NTR=0.473818D+18 1/cm^3 THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL FOLLOWS
THE ARTICLE BY McIlory et al. IEEE JQE-21 1985. THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL Nopt
= 3 INPUT Nopt(CAN BE DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE
CALCULATION)=? 3 NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL(MAY OR MAY NOT BE
Nopt)=? 3
************************************************** 1ST CHECK USE SINGLE WELL TIMES # OF WELLS
************************************************** 2ND CHECK FOLLOWS FORMULA BY McIlory IN
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONIC QE-21 1985.
************************************************** Gth=
19.0530 1/cm Nth=0.396090D+19 1/cm^3 IY= 196 1ST CHECK Jth= 1347.91345919 A/cm^2 2ND CHECK Jth= 367.04422 A/cm^2 1ST CHECK Ith=0.505468D+02 mA NUMBER OF
WELLS= 3 2ND CHECK Ith=0.137642D+02 mA
************************************************** CALCULATE THE P-I RELATION NDATA= 205
************************************************** CALCULATE THE SLOPE: mW/mA Y=A+BX CONSTANT A= -15.3972372 SLOPE B=
0.3046138
************************************************** INPUT POWER INPUT 0 INPUT 1 FOR THE DYNAMIC CALCULATION. 2 FOR
SKIP INPUT = 2 K-FACTOR= 0.44360 nS MAXIUM FREQ.= 20.0309 GHz
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.155952069365,
0.148892829364E-01, 2.0E+18 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ogl2.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) mgl2.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oge2.txt ************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) mge2.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1 ************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.226279415596,
0.314766742996E-01, 3.0E+18 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ogl3.txt ************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) mgl3.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oge3.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) mge3.txt ************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT
2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND
CARRIER DENSITY 0.295069951213,
0.449714150578E-01, 4.0E+18 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ogl4.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) mgl4.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oge4.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) mge4.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 3 ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 7 |
c) The Output
characteristics of designed laser from step 5 are summarized in Table C.9.7.
Table C.9.7 Characteristics
of the designed laser
Optimized number of QWs (Nopt) |
3 |
Number of QWs |
3 |
Slope efficiency (%) |
30.46 |
Jth (A/cm2) |
1347.91
– 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 367.04
– 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Ith (mA) |
50.54
A - 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 13.76
A - 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Peak l at operating temperature (um) |
1.5488 µm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 1.5538 µm for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 1.5551 µm for carrier density of 4.0E18 /cm3 |
Peak material gain (1/cm) |
1074 /cm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 1501 /cm for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 1824 /cm for carrier density of 4.0E18 /cm3 |
Fig.
C.9.5. L-I curve of the laser
Fig.
C.9.6. Optical gain-l curve of the laser
Fig.
C.9.7. Mode gain as a function of current density (J)
This is a
simulation of a five-layer laser structure that contains a single quantum well
(QW), two separated confinement heterostructure (SCH) layers, and two cladding
layers as shown in Fig. C.12.1. The structure is based on a published SQW
structure [1]. From this example, the users will know how to simulate an
existing structure using the GAIN program. The simulations results Jth and peak
wavelength agree well with the published experimental data [1].
Figure C.12.9. Energy band diagram for the single quantum well structure
The first step of the GAIN program is to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges of the each layer.
The user is asked to enter the photoluminescence wavelength, thickness, and
strain of the QW, SCH, and cladding layers. After these parameters are input,
the GAIN program generates two output files: cbandeg.dat and vbandeg.dat,
containing the material compositions, and the conduction band edges and valence
band edges respectively. The detailed explanation is provided in Chapter 2 of
this manual.
a) The input parameters to the GAIN program in this step are listed in Table.
C.12.1.
Table
C.12.1. Input parameters to the GAIN program in this step.
Layer |
l (um) |
Strain |
Thickness (Ǻ) |
QW (In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)) |
1.333925998 |
-0.02 |
70 |
SCH (GaAs) |
0.874283651 |
|
100 |
Cladding (AlGaAs) |
0.644892865 |
|
100 |
b) The steps in using the GAIN program to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges are listed in Table
C.12.2
Table C.12.2. steps to run
the GAIN program for necessary parameters.
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY
PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 1 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched
InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 12 INPUT THE LAYER # FOR GRIN STRUCTURE(STEP) STEP N= 2 INPUT THE WELL WAVELENGTH (um) 1.333925998 INPUT THE BARRIER WAVELENGTH (um) 0.874283651 INPUT THE CLADDING WAVELENGTH (um) 0.644892865 BANDGAP ENERGY OF QUANTUM WELL= 0.929586800061753 eV INPUT CLADDING, BARRIER,QUANTUM WELL WIDTH
(A) 100 100 70 For dilute InGaAsN only (X>0.953,
Y<0.289) In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x),output read In
first then As IF ONE OF THE COMPONENTS IN ACTIVE REGION
IS ZERO, YOU HAVE TO TRY ANOTHER INITIAL GUESS FOR BOTH WAVELENGTH AND STRAIN INPUT STRAIN=? -0.02 C[
]* C[
STARTING VECTOR: 0.100D+01
0.713D-03
]* C[
]* C[
]* C[
STARTING VECTOR: 0.995D+00
0.292D+00
]* C[
]* STRAIN= -2.000000000000016E-002 AZ2=
5.65329980850220 WRITE CONDUCTION BAND PARAMETERS INTO
CBANDEG.DAT WRITE INPUT 1 FOR NEW CALCULATION 2 FOR EXIT INPUT =? 2 |
c) The output files, cbandeg.dat and
vbandeg.dat are explained in Table C.12.3.
Table C.12.3. Material
compositions and band offsets:
a) cbandeg.dat for conduction band
QW strain lattice
constant -.200000E-01
0.576637E-09 material
compositions layer
thickness, Ga Al conduction band edges
0.10000000E+03
0.40000000E+00
0.0000000 0.6952492 cladding layer
0.10000000E+03
0.99974922E+00
0.0007133 0.3421020 SCH layer
0.70000000E+02
0.99522355E+00
0.2924459 0.1076710 quantum well
0.10000000E+03
0.99974922E+00
0.0007133 0.3421020 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03
0.40000000E+00
0.0000000 0.6952492 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
b) vbandeg.dat for valence
band
QW
strain lattice constant
-.200000E-01 0.576637E-09 material
compositions layer
thickness, Ga Al valence band edges
0.10000000E+03
0.40000000E+00
0.0000000 -0.2979640 cladding layer
0.10000000E+03
0.99974922E+00
0.0007133 -0.1466152 SCH layer
0.70000000E+02
0.99522355E+00 0.2924459 -0.0538355 quantum well
0.10000000E+03
0.99974922E+00
0.0007133 -0.1466152 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03
0.40000000E+00
0.0000000 -0.2979640 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
After the calculation of the material
compositions and energy band edges, the GAIN program calculates energy levels
in the conduction band and valence bands. The detailed explanations are
discussed in Chapter 3 of this manual.
a) The steps of how to calculate the energy
levels are shown in Table C.12.4.
Table C.12.4. Steps to
calculate the energy levels
i) Steps to calculate the
conduction band energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY
PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 2 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE LOWEST POTENTIAL LAYER(1st
Q-WELL) IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER LAYER OF
STRUCTURE ICR= 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-y)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 12 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.166825507851E+00 ERROR= .524871 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.316718310711E+00 ERROR= .428128 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.379784585626E+00 ERROR= .237362 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.399968049847E+00 ERROR= .224208 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.481341035928E+00 ERROR= .238450 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.531507743261E+00 ERROR= .299977 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.626588219321E+00 ERROR= .248585 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.166825507851 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1
th LAYER = 0.29553906E-06 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.47656595E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.90468622E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.47656595E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.29553906E-06 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.316718310711 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.21750109E-03 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.25182782E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.49590936E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.25182782E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.21750109E-03 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
ii) Steps to calculate the heavy
hole energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY
PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 3 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR
InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 12 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.280844081259E+00 ERROR= .4292362E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> -0.261654918264E+00
ERROR= .5060880E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.230050446372E+00 ERROR= .4085794E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.215971305480E+00 ERROR= .3569352E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.191389154282E+00 ERROR= .1495427E-13 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> -0.179058584723E+00
ERROR= .2864169E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.166390752259E+00 ERROR= .3290070E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.155038585857E+00 ERROR= .2022241E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.151912036949E+00 ERROR= .1853312E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> -0.949214838256E-01
ERROR= .3591541E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.294250467453E-01 ERROR= .1947900E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===> 0.126045078739E-01 ERROR= .1384266E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.126045078739E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.49924329E-13 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.80920305E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.98381594E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.80920305E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.49924329E-13 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.294250467453E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.65742276E-11 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.35421992E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.92915602E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.35421992E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.65742276E-11 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
iii) Steps to calculate the
light hole energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY
PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 4 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 12 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.295278683327E+00 ERROR= .2131495E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.256122699275E+00 ERROR= .2338818E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.217375554875E+00 ERROR= .5742157E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.183928037223E+00 ERROR= .3316695E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.164785601442E+00 ERROR= .3822678E-14 ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.145241224988E+00 ERROR= .1407070E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.145241224988 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh1.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.37276532E-07 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.99872870E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.12712252E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.35599162E-07 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.13287025E-14 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.164785601442 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh2.txt CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER = 0.73199745E-02 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.45864444E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER = 0.68071179E-01 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER = 0.45864444E+00 CONFINEMENT FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER = 0.73199745E-02 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
b) The main output file from this part of
GAIN program is energy.dat, containing all the energy levels as shown in Table
C.12.5. After the energy eigen values are calculated, the GAIN program asks the
user whether he would like to check the wave envelope function or not. We
suggest that the user check the wave envelope functions of the first and second
energy levels for conduction and valence bands. The plots of the envelope
functions are shown in Fig. C.12.2, Fig. C.12.3, Fig C.12.4.
Table C.12.5. output file
energy.dat
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.166825507851E+00
ERROR= .5248710E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.316718310711E+00
ERROR= .4281281E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.379784585626E+00
ERROR= .2373624E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.399968049847E+00
ERROR= .2242087E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.481341035928E+00
ERROR= .2384506E-14
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.531507743261E+00
ERROR= .2999773E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.626588219321E+00
ERROR= .2485859E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.280844081259E+00 ERROR= .4292362E-14 HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.261654918264E+00 ERROR= .5060880E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.230050446372E+00 ERROR= .4085794E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.215971305480E+00 ERROR= .3569352E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.191389154282E+00 ERROR= .1495427E-13
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.179058584723E+00 ERROR= .2864169E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.166390752259E+00 ERROR= .3290070E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.155038585857E+00 ERROR= .2022241E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.151912036949E+00 ERROR= .1853312E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.949214838256E-01 ERROR= .3591541E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.294250467453E-01 ERROR= .1947900E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> 0.126045078739E-01
ERROR= .1384266E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.295278683327E+00 ERROR= .2131495E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.256122699275E+00 ERROR= .2338818E-14 LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.217375554875E+00 ERROR= .5742157E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.183928037223E+00 ERROR= .3316695E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.164785601442E+00 ERROR= .3822678E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.145241224988E+00 ERROR= .1407070E-14
|
|
|
Fig. C.12.2. Wave envelope
functions for energy levels in conduction band |
Fig. C.12.3. Wave envelope
functions for heavy hole energy levels |
Fig. C.12.4. Wave envelope
functions for light hole energy levels
This is the last step of simulations using
the GAIN program. With the previous calculated material composition, energy
band edges, energy levels, and other parameters like material loss and Auger
coefficient, the GAIN program can simulate the threshold current, threshold
current density, slope efficiency, optical gain and mode gain as functions of
wavelengths and photon energies, and L-I curve. The details are explained in
Chapter 4 of the manual.
In this part of GAIN program, the input file
needs to be constructed with the results of the previous steps and according to
the laser design. In this example, single quantum well structure is used to
simulate a three-QW laser. For the three-quantum-well laser with a ridge length
of 750 µm and ridge width of 3 µm, the input file is shown in Table C.12.6. The
detailed steps of simulations are listed in Table C.12.7. The main output
files: L-I curve, optical gain as a function of the wavelength, and mode gain
vs. current density are plotted in Fig. C.12.5, Fig. C.12.6, and Fig. C.12.7.
a) The input file:
Table C.12.6. Input file for
gain and threshold current calculation
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 1.
Input the compositions, width of well, effective index c c and
lasing wavelength. c c Ex:
xx,xz,qy,xy,lx,n,lam c c for
different materials the following are the forms of inputs. c c c c w --
> well, b -- > barrier cxz and
cxy for cladding. c c
c c
a. AlxGa1-xAs : xx (Al w) xz
(Al b) qy (0) xy (0) c c
b. In1-xGaxAsyP1-y : xx (Ga w)
xz (Ga b) qy (As w) xy (As b) c c
c. In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (0) xy (As b) c c
d. AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (Al w) xy (Al b)c c
e. c c
f. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (0) xy (Al b) c c
g.
c c
h. AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlGaAs : xx
(Al w) xz (al b) qy (In w) xz (0)c c
i. In1-xGaxAs/AlGaInAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (Al b) xy (Ga b) c c 12.
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x) :xx(As w),xz(As, b),qy(In w),xy(In b)c c
c c 2.
Input the energy gap,temperature, barrier band edges(both bands) c Ex:
eg,temp,ec,ev
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.996 1.0 0.3 0.0000 7.0 3.353749 1.31 0.93 298
0.3421020 0.1466152 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 3.
Input the ist level sub-band energy levels. c c Ex:
ec1,eh1,el1
c c c c 4.
Input the material loss, reflectivities, number of quantum c c
wells and beta(for spontaneous emission). c c Ex:
alpha,r1,r2,mm,beta. c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.166825507851
-0.126045078739E-01
0.145241224988 0.316718310711
0.294250467453E-01
0.164785601442 6.0d0
0.3000 0.300 1
5.D-5 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 5.
Input the cavity length, ridge width, internal efficiency c c
Auger, strain(except AlGaAs,put 0) and confinement factor. c c Ex:
cl,cw,etha,ca,es,confine c c c c 6.
Input the cladding composition and band edges. c c Ex:
cxz,cxy,ecc,evv
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 1000.D-4
20D-4 0.96 1.00d-28
0.000 0.01 0.40000
0.00 0.6952492 0.2979640 |
b) The steps for these
calculations mentioned are listed in Table C.12.7
Table
C.12.7. The steps for the gain and threshold current density calculations
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 5 THE INPUT FILE NAME= in12.txt SELECT MATERIAL=? 1--AlGaAs 2--InGaAsP 3--In1-zGazAs/InGaAsP/InP 4-- InGaAlAs 5--GaInP/AlzGawIn1-z-wP/Al0.5In0.5P 6-- InxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs 7--In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/GaxIn1-xP(X=0.51)
MATCHED TO GaAs 8--AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP 10-- InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsSb 11--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsSb 12--In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs 13--InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT SELECTION 12 INPUT MODE = ? FOR TE--> MODE =1, FOR
TM--> MODE =2 INPUT TE OR TM ? 1 IF EL1 BELOW EH1 THEN SELECT 1, OTHERWISE
SELECT 2 SELECTION=? 1
************************************************** CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE MASS
************************************************** FOR QUASI-FERMI LEVEL SELECT=1, FOR READ EXISTING QUASI-FERMI LEVEL
SELECT=2 SELECT=? 1 J(LEAKAGE)=0.124580D+02 A/cm^2 N=0.782180D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.124580D+02 A/cm^2 N=0.782180D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.127429D+02 A/cm^2 N=0.784160D+19 1/cm^3 ………….. J(LEAKAGE)=0.149281D+02 A/cm^2 N=0.798020D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.152694D+02 A/cm^2 N=0.800000D+19 1/cm^3
************************************************** G(J) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL Go=0.888745D+01 1/cm Jo=0.172961D+03 A/cm^2 G(N) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL NGo=0.888745D+03 1/cm XNo=0.128797D+19 1/cm^3 Jtr=0.636289D+02 A/cm^2 NTR=0.473818D+18 1/cm^3 THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL FOLLOWS
THE ARTICLE BY McIlory et al. IEEE JQE-21 1985. THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL Nopt
= 3 INPUT Nopt(CAN BE DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE
CALCULATION)=? 3 NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL(MAY OR MAY NOT BE
Nopt)=? 1 **************************************************
************************************************** 1ST CHECK USE SINGLE WELL TIMES # OF WELLS
**************************************************
************************************************** 2ND CHECK FOLLOWS FORMULA BY McIlory IN
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONIC QE-21 1985.
************************************************** Gth=
18.0397 1/cm Nth=0.245614D+19 1/cm^3 IY= 120 1ST CHECK Jth= 1410.15179344 A/cm^2 2ND CHECK Jth= 1331.27210 A/cm^2 1ST CHECK Ith=0.282030D+03 mA NUMBER OF
WELLS= 3 2ND CHECK Ith=0.266254D+03 mA
************************************************** CALCULATE THE P-I RELATION NDATA= 281
************************************************** CALCULATE THE SLOPE: mW/mA Y=A+BX CONSTANT A= -95.8802667 SLOPE B=
0.3399643
************************************************** INPUT POWER INPUT 0 INPUT 1 FOR THE DYNAMIC CALCULATION. 2 FOR
SKIP INPUT = 2 K-FACTOR= 0.24875 nS MAXIUM FREQ.= 35.7219 GHz
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT FERMILEVELS IN
C-BAND, V-BAND, AND CARRIER DENSITY 0.277843825747
-0.188854176754E-01 0.200075187970E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION
GAIN(E) COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol1.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml1.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe1.txt ************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me1.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1 ************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 0.321632806946
-0.503649146984E-02 0.301052631579E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE
CONVOLUTION OPTICAL GAIN(LAMBDA) ol2.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml2.txt INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe2.txt
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me2.txt
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 3 |
c) The Output
characteristics of designed laser from step 5 are summarized in Table C.12.7.
Table C.12.7 Characteristics
of the designed laser
Optimized number of QWs (Nopt) |
3 |
Number of QWs |
1 |
Slope efficiency (%) |
33.99643 |
Jth (A/cm^2) |
1410.15
- 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 1331.27–
2nd check, using McIlory method |
Ith (mA) |
282.03
- 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 266.25
- 2nd check, using McIlory method |
Peak l at operating temperature (um) |
1.126um for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 1.145 um for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 |
Peak material gain (1/cm) |
2042.7/cm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 2843.4/cm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 |
|
|
Fig.
C.12.5. L-I curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.12.6. Optical gain-l curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.12.7. Mode gain as a function of current density (J)
[1] Masahiko
Kondow, Takeshi Kitatani, Shi’ichi Nakatsuka, “GaInNAs: A Novel Material for
Long-Wavelength Semiconductor Lasers”, IEEE J. Quantum Electronics, vol. 3, no.
3, 1997.
This is a
simulation of a five-layer laser structure that contains a single compressively
strained quantum well (QW), two separated confinement heterostructure (SCH)
layers, and two cladding layers as shown in Fig. C.13.1.
Figure C.13.10. Energy band diagram for the simple quantum well
structure
The first step of the GAIN program is to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges of the each layer.
The user is asked to enter the photoluminescence wavelength, thickness, and
strain of the QW, SCH, and cladding layers. After these parameters are input,
the GAIN program generates two output files: cbandeg.dat and vbandeg.dat,
containing the material compositions, and the conduction band edges and valence
band edges respectively. The detailed explanation is provided in Chapter 2 of
this manual.
a) The input parameters to the GAIN program in this step are listed in Table.
C.13.1.
Table
C.13.1. Input parameters to the GAIN program in this step.
Layer |
l (um) |
Strain |
Thickness (Ǻ) |
QW (InxGa1-xAs) |
1.05 |
-.113737E-01 |
90 |
SCH (In1-x GaxAsyP1-y) |
0.775 |
|
100 |
Cladding (In1-x GaxP) |
0.65 |
|
100 |
b) The steps in using the GAIN program to
calculate the material compositions and energy band edges are listed in Table
C.13.2
Table C.13.2. steps to run
the GAIN program for necessary parameters.
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 1 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched InP) 11 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 13 INPUT THE LAYER # FOR GRIN STRUCTURE(STEP) STEP N= 2 INPUT THE WELL WAVELENGTH (um) 1.05 INPUT THE BARRIER WAVELENGTH (um) 0.775 INPUT THE CLADDING WAVELENGTH (um) 0.65 BANDGAP ENERGY OF QUANTUM WELL= 0.683804000019804 INPUT CLADDING, BARRIER, QUANTUM WELL WIDTH
(A) 100 100 90 FOR LATTICE MATCHED BARRIER SELLECT -->
1 FOR STRAIN COMPENSATED SELECT -->2 INPUT SELECTION ===> ? 1 C[
]* C[
34 ITERATIONS ]* ROOT (Y)=
0.457504996552668 ROOT
(X)= 0.713274608740734 ROOT(
2)IS COMPLEX!Real=
0.3293112 Imag= -0.5242450 ROOT(
3)IS COMPLEX!Real=
0.3293112 Imag= 0.5242450 ROOT(
4) WITH REAL PART > 1 Real=
1.3495216 Ga=
0.713274608740734 As= 0.457504996552668 C[ ]* C[
31 ITERATIONS ]* ROOT (Y)=
1.607682884018472E-003 ROOT
(X)= 0.481571950395300 ROOT(
2)IS COMPLEX!Real=
0.4871066 Imag= -0.7058294 ROOT(
3)IS COMPLEX!Real=
0.4871066 Imag= 0.7058294 ROOT(
4) WITH REAL PART > 1 Real=
1.4898280 CLADDING Ga= 0.481571950395300 CLADDING As= 1.607682884018472E-003 STRAIN FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/GaAs IS -1.137372501690129E-002 WRITE CONDUCTION BAND PARAMETERS INTO
CBANDEG.DAT WRITE INPUT 1 FOR NEW CALCULATION, 2 FOR EXIT I= ? 2 ENTER 1 FOR AlGaAs/AlGaAs 2 FOR InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP 3 FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP 4 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/InP 5 FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP 6 FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs 7 FOR
InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(MATCHED GaAs) 8 FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9 FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/InP 10 FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(matched
InP) 11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlyGaxIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x 12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs
(dilute N) 13 FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs 14 FOR EXIT, BACK TO MAIN PAGE! 14 THIS PROGRAM STOP HERE!, BACK TO MAIN PAGE |
c) The output files, cbandeg.dat and
vbandeg.dat are explained in Table C.13.3.
Table C.13.3. Material compositions and band offsets:
a)
cbandeg.dat for conduction band
************************************************************************ QW strain
lattice constant -.113737E-01
0.571760E-09 material
compositions(see Table C.13.1 for x and y) layer
thickness, x y conduction band edges
0.10000000E+03
0.48157195E+00
0.0016077 0.2978522 cladding layer
0.10000000E+03
0.71327461E+00
0.4575050 0.2304440 SCH layer
0.90000000E+02
0.15876268E+00
0.0000000 0.0746203 quantum well
0.10000000E+03 0.71327461E+00 0.4575050 0.2304440 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03
0.48157195E+00
0.0016077 0.2978522 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
b) vbandeg.dat for valence
band
****************************************************
******************** QW
strain lattice constant -.113737E-01
0.571760E-09 material
compositions(see Table C.13.1 for x and y) layer
thickness, x y valence band edges
0.10000000E+03
0.48157195E+00
0.0016077 -0.4467784 cladding layer
0.10000000E+03
0.71327461E+00
0.4575050 -0.3456660 SCH layer
0.90000000E+02
0.15876268E+00 0.0000000
-0.0373101 quantum well
0.10000000E+03
0.71327461E+00
0.4575050 -0.3456660 SCH layer
0.10000000E+03
0.48157195E+00
0.0016077 -0.4467784 cladding layer ************************************************************************ |
After the calculation of the material
compositions and energy band edges, the GAIN program calculates energy levels
in the conduction band and valence bands. The detailed explanations are discussed
in Chapter 3 of this manual.
a) The steps of how to calculate the energy
levels are shown in Table C.13.4.
Table C.13.4. Steps to
calculate the energy levels
i) Steps to calculate the
conduction band energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 2 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE LOWEST POTENTIAL LAYER(1st
Q-WELL) IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER LAYER OF
STRUCTURE ICR= 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR InGaAs/In(1-y)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 13 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.969908633581E-01
ERROR= .4024812E-1 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.159263664462E+00
ERROR= .3355458E-1 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.233016713571E+00
ERROR= .2446655E-1 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.251588768045E+00
ERROR= .2853046E-1 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.266059578219E+00
ERROR= .2658063E-1 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> 0.297760175518E+00
ERROR= .1439724E-1 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE 0.969908633581E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb1.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.63852474E-07 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER = 0.17340584E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.96531870E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.17340584E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.63852474E-07 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= 0.159263664462E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE cb2.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.63347186E-05 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER =
0.86169326E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.82764868E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.86169326E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.63347186E-05 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
ii) Steps to calculate the
heavy hole energy levels
ENTER 1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY
HOLE BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 3 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 13 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.431144978171E+00 ERROR= .3048383E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.416154706432E+00 ERROR= .4027410E-14 …….. ENERGY EIGENVALUE===>
-0.360098024766E-01 ERROR= .1582591E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.880918208839E-02 ERROR= .2485319E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.880918208839E-02 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh1.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.13106920E-18 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER =
0.13394211E-02 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.99734154E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.13190393E-02 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.13146527E-18 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.360098024766E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE hh2.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.24159076E-17 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER =
0.54971662E-02 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.98900594E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.54968902E-02 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.24238529E-17 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
iii) Steps to calculate the
light hole energy levels
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT
HOLE BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 4 INPUT THE NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELLS NUM=? 1 INPUT TOTAL LAYERS FOR STRUCTURE--N ODD INPUT N= 5 INPUT THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL(1st Q-WELL)
LAYER IC= ? 3 INPUT THE SELECTED CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE
ICR=? 3 ******************************************************* INPUT I=1
FOR AlGaAs I=2
FOR InGaAsP I=3
FOR In(1-x)Ga(x)As/InGaAsP/InP I=4
FOR InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs I=5
FOR GaInP/(AlGa)0.5In0.5P/AlInP I=6
FOR InGaAs/AlGaAs/AlGaAs I=7
FOR InGaAs/InGaAsP/Ga0.51In0.49P(GaAs) I=8
FOR AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs I=9
FOR In(z)Ga(1-z)As/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP I=10 FOR
InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsxSb1-x(InP) I=11 FOR
InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsxSb1-x I=12 FOR
In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs I=13 FOR InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT I= ? ******************************************************* 13 ******************************************************* DOES THE STRUCTURE STRAIN OR
STRAIN-COMPENSATED? IF STRAIN ONLY INPUT 1, STRAIN-COMPENSATED
INPUT 2 INPUT SELECT = ? 1 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.437001414290E+00 ERROR= .3575176E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.417816439139E+00 ERROR= .9797945E-14 ……. ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.155259330638E+00 ERROR= .3235995E-14 ENERGY
EIGENVALUE===> -0.953949376087E-01 ERROR= .2429016E-14 FOR CHECKING THE Schrodinger WAVE FUNCTION
INPUT I==> 1 SKIP INPUT I==> 2 I=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.953949376087E-01 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh1.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.45515149E-10 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER =
0.62110303E-02 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.98757794E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.62110309E-02 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.48346799E-10 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 1 INPUT THE EIGENVALUE EIGEN VALUE= -0.155259330638E+00 INPUT THE NAME OF OUTPUT FILE lh2.txt CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 1 th LAYER =
0.19585995E-08 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 2 th LAYER =
0.28328869E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 3 th LAYER =
0.94334223E+00 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 4 th LAYER =
0.28328892E-01 CONFINEMENT
FACTOR OF 5 th LAYER =
0.20998482E-08 INPUT NEW EIGENVALUE--> 1, BACK TO MAIN
PAGE--> 2 SELECT=? 2 |
b) The main output file from this part of
GAIN program is energy.dat, containing all the energy levels as shown in Table
C.13.5. After the energy eigen values are calculated, the GAIN program asks the
user whether he would like to check the wave envelope function or not. We
suggest that the user check the wave envelope functions of the first and second
energy levels for conduction, heavy-hole and light hole bands. The plots of the
envelope functions are shown in Fig. C.13.2, Fig. C.13.3, Fig C.13.4.
Table C.13.5. output file
energy.dat
CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.969908633581E-01
ERROR= .4024812E-14 CONDUCTION
BAND ENERGY===> 0.159263664462E+00
ERROR= .3355458E-14
………
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.360098024766E-01 ERROR= .1582591E-14
HEAVY HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.880918208839E-02 ERROR= .2485319E-14
……….
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.155259330638E+00 ERROR= .3235995E-14
LIGHT HOLE
ENERGY===> -0.953949376087E-01 ERROR= .2429016E-14
|
Fig. C.13.2. Wave envelope functions for energy
levels in conduction band
Fig. C.13.3. Wave envelope functions for heavy hole
energy levels
Fig. C.13.4. Wave envelope functions for light hole
energy levels
This is the last step of simulations using
the GAIN program. With the previous calculated material composition, energy
band edges, energy levels, and other parameters like material loss and Auger
coefficient, the GAIN program can simulate the threshold current, threshold
current density, slope efficiency, optical gain and mode gain as functions of
wavelengths and photon energies, and L-I curve. The details are explained in
Chapter 4 of the manual.
In this part of GAIN program, the input file
needs to be constructed with the results of the previous steps and according to
the laser design. The input file of material system #13 is shown in Table
C.13.6. The detailed steps of simulations are listed in Table C.13.7. The main
output files: L-I curve, optical gain as a function of the wavelength, and mode
gain vs. current density are plotted in Fig. C.13.5, Fig. C.13.6, and Fig.
C.13.7.
a) The input file:
Table C.13.6. Input file
(mat_13.txt) for gain and threshold current calculation
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 1.
Input the compositions, width of well, effective index c c and
lasing wavelength. c c Ex:
xx,xz,qy,xy,lx,n,lam
c c for
different materials the following are the forms of inputs. c c c c w --
> well, b -- > barrier cxz and
cxy for cladding. c c c c
a. AlxGa1-xAs : xx (Al w) xz
(Al b) qy (0) xy (0) c c
b. In1-xGaxAsyP1-y : xx (Ga w)
xz (Ga b) qy (As w) xy (As b) c c
c. In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (0) xy (As b)
c c
d. AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP : xx (Ga
w) xz (Ga b) qy (Al w) xy (Al b)
c c
e.
c c
f. InxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (0) xy (Al b) c c
g.
c c
h. AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlGaAs : xx
(Al w) xz (al b) qy (In w) xz (0)
c c
i. In1-xGaxAs/AlGaInAs : xx (In
w) xz (0) qy (Al b) xy (Ga b)
c c
j. In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)
:xx(As w),xz(As, b),qy(In w),xy(In b) c c
k. InGaAs/InGaAsP/GaAs: xx (In
w), (0), xz(Ga w) xy (As b) c 2.
Input the energy gap,temperature, barrier band edges(both bands) c Ex:
eg,temp,ec,ev
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.15876268E+00
0.0 0.71327461E+00 0.4575050 9.0
3.33 0.975 1.181
298 0.2304440 0.3456660 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 3.
Input the ist level sub-band energy levels.
c c Ex:
ec1,eh1,el1
c c
c c 4.
Input the material loss, reflectivities, number of quantum c c
wells and beta(for spontaneous emission).
c c Ex:
alpha,r1,r2,mm,beta.
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0.09699086
0.00880918 0.0953949 0.15926366 0.0360098 0.1552593 2.0d0
0.3000 0.300 1 5.D-5 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c 5.
Input the cavity length, ridge width, internal efficiency c c
Auger, strain(except AlGaAs,put 0) and confinement factor. c c Ex:
cl,cw,etha,ca,es,confine
c c c c 6.
Input the cladding composition and band edges. c c Ex:
cxz,cxy,ecc,evv
c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 1000.D-4
100.0D-4 0.86 1.00d-29 0.000 0.018 0.48
157195E+00 0.0016077 0.2978522 0.4467784 |
b) The steps for these
calculations mentioned are listed in Table C.13.7
Table
C.13.7. The steps for the gain and threshold current density calculations
ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 5 THE INPUT FILE NAME= mat_13.tex SELECT MATERIAL=? 1--AlGaAs 2--InGaAsP 3--In1-zGazAs/InGaAsP/InP 4-- InGaAlAs 5--GaInP/AlzGawIn1-z-wP/Al0.5In0.5P 6-- InxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xAs/AlGaAs 7--In1-xGaxAs/InGaAsP/GaxIn1-xP(X=0.51)
MATCHED TO GaAs 8--AlyInxGa1-x-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs/GaAs 9--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/InP 10-- InGaAlAs/InGaAlAs/AlAsSb 11--InzGa1-zAs/AlxGayIn1-x-yAs/AlAsSb 12--In(y)Ga(1-y)As(x)N(1-x)/GaAs 13--InGaAs/In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y)/GaAs INPUT SELECTION 13 INPUT MODE = ? FOR TE--> MODE =1, FOR
TM--> MODE =2 INPUT TE OR TM ? 1 IF EL1 BELOW EH1 THEN SELECT 1, OTHERWISE
SELECT 2 SELECTION=? 1
************************************************** CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE MASS
************************************************** FOR QUASI-FERMI LEVEL SELECT=1, FOR READ EXISTING QUASI-FERMI LEVEL
SELECT=2 SELECT=? 1 ………. J(LEAKAGE)=0.737102D+05
A/cm^2 N=0.788120D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.745813D+05 A/cm^2 N=0.790100D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.754584D+05 A/cm^2 N=0.792080D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.763412D+05 A/cm^2 N=0.794060D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.772298D+05 A/cm^2 N=0.796040D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.781241D+05 A/cm^2 N=0.798020D+19 1/cm^3 J(LEAKAGE)=0.790240D+05 A/cm^2 N=0.800000D+19 1/cm^3 ************************************************** G(J) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL Go=0.223602D+02 1/cm Jo=0.330614D+03 A/cm^2 G(N) PARAMETERS FROM SINGLE WELL NGo=0.124223D+04 1/cm XNo=0.116917D+19 1/cm^3 Jtr=0.121626D+03 A/cm^2 NTR=0.430115D+18 1/cm^3 THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL FOLLOWS
THE ARTICLE BY McIlory et al. IEEE JQE-21 1985. THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL Nopt
= 1 INPUT Nopt(CAN BE DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE
CALCULATION)=? 1 NUMBER OF QUANTUM WELL(MAY OR MAY NOT BE
Nopt)=? 1 **************************************************
************************************************** 1ST CHECK USE SINGLE WELL TIMES # OF WELLS
**************************************************
************************************************** 2ND CHECK FOLLOWS FORMULA BY McIlory IN
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONIC QE-21 1985.
************************************************** Gth=
14.0397 1/cm Nth=0.872180D+18 1/cm^3 IY= 40 1ST CHECK Jth= 234.12059582 A/cm^2 2ND CHECK Jth= 384.43491 A/cm^2 1ST CHECK Ith=0.234121D+03 mA NUMBER OF
WELLS= 1 2ND CHECK Ith=0.384435D+03 mA
************************************************** CALCULATE THE P-I RELATION NDATA= 361 ************************************************** CALCULATE
THE SLOPE: mW/mA Y=A+BX CONSTANT A=-108.9198070 SLOPE B=
0.4652295 ************************************************** INPUT POWER INPUT 0 INPUT 1 FOR THE DYNAMIC CALCULATION. 2 FOR
SKIP INPUT = 2 K-FACTOR= 0.32466 nS MAXIUM FREQ.= 27.3693 GHz
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT
FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND CARRIER DENSITY 0.210195297051E+00 0.516850978058E-02 0.200075187970E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol1_mat_13
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml1_mat_13 INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe1_mat_13 ************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me1_mat_13
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 1
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR CALCULATE THE GAIN(E) RELATION. INPUT 2 FOR CALCULATE THE LINEWIDTH
ENHENCEMENT FACTOR AND PHOTON ENERGY RELATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT THE PROGRAM THE INPUT # IS 1 INPUT
FERMILEVELS IN C-BAND, V-BAND, AND CARRIER DENSITY 0.210195297051E+00
0.189627393147E-01 0.299072681704E+19 CALCULATE THE CONVOLUTION GAIN(E)
COEFFICIENT
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(LAMBDA) ol2_mat_13
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(LAMBDA) ml2_mat_13 INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION OPTICAL
GAIN(E) oe2_mat_13
************************************************** INPUT THE NAME FOR THE CONVOLUTION MODE
GAIN(E) me2_mat_13
************************************************** INPUT 1 FOR REPEAT THE G(E) CALCULATION INPUT 2 FOR REPEAT THE ALPHA(E) CALCULATION INPUT 3 FOR EXIT 3 ENTER
1 FOR THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS 2 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF CONDUCTION
BAND 3 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF HEAVY HOLE
BAND 4 FOR THE ENERGY VALUES OF LIGHT HOLE
BAND 5 FOR THE LASER G-J AND G(LAMBDA) 6 FOR RATE EQUATIONS(TWO SECTION MODEL
INCLUDED) 7 FOR EXIT 7 |
c) The Output
characteristics of designed laser from step 5 are summarized in Table C.13.7.
Table C.13.7 Characteristics
of the designed laser
Optimized number of QWs (Nopt) |
1 |
Number of QWs |
1 |
Slope efficiency (%) |
47.43 |
Jth (A/cm^2) |
234.12
- 1st check, for matching threshold conditions 384.43–
2nd check, using McIlory method |
Peak l at operating temperature (um) |
0.970 um for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 0.973 um for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 |
Peak material gain (1/cm) |
2723/cm for carrier density of 2.0E18 /cm3 3451 /cm for carrier density of 3.0E18 /cm3 |
|
|
Fig.
C.13.5. L-I curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.13.6. Optical gain-l curve of the laser |
Fig.
C.13.7. Mode gain as a function of current density (J)